French Pluperfect or Past Subjunctive Tense

French Pluperfect or Past Subjunctive Tense The French pluperfect subjunctive is the least regular artistic tense - its what could be compared to the past subjunctive.Like every single abstract tense, the pluperfect subjunctive is utilized distinctly in writing, chronicled compositions, and other conventional composition, so it is imperative to have the option to remember it yet risks are that you will at no point ever need to conjugate it.The pluperfect subjunctive has an indistinguishable twin, the second type of the restrictive great, which is utilized in scholarly si provisos. The French pluperfect subjunctive is aâ compound conjugation, which implies it has two sections: flawed subjunctiveâ of theâ auxiliary verbâ (eitherâ avoirâ orâ ã ªtre)past participleâ of the fundamental action word Note:Â Like all French compound conjugations, the pluperfect subjunctive might be subject toâ grammaticalâ agreement: At the point when the assistant action word isâ ã ªtre, the past participle must concur with the subjectWhen the helper action word isâ avoir, the past participle may need to concur with its immediate item French Pluperfect Subjunctive Conjugationsâ AIMERÂ (auxiliary action word isâ avoir) j eusse point nous eussions point tu eusses point vous eussiez point il,elle et point ils,elles eussent point DEVENIRÂ (Ã ªtre action word) je fusse devenu(e) nous fussions devenu(e)s tu complains devenu(e) vous fussiez devenu(e)(s) il ft devenu ils fussent devenus elle ft devenue elles fussent devenues SE LAVERÂ (pronominal action word) je me fusse lav(e) nous nous fussions lav(e)s tu te complains lav(e) vous vous fussiez lav(e)(s) il se ft lav ils se fussent lavs elle se ft lave elles se fussent laves

Credit crunch Essay

The credit crunch which is otherwise called a credit emergency, money crunch or credit crush is best depicted as a condition that makes venture capital hard or hard to acquire. It is the unexpected decrease in the accessibility of credit and advances or the sudden fixing of advance obtaining conditions by budgetary foundations. Thusly credit crunch is for the most part connected with diminished credit accessibility in spite of the fact that it may be autonomous of loan fees increment. During this period speculators and banks look for ventures that they consider to be less hazardous and make trip to quality. This is for the most part to the detriment and impediment of medium and little estimated business endeavors. The cost of obligation and obligation items is hence determined up by the watchfulness of the banks and speculators to loan cash to companies. The credit crunch condition is normally considered as an item or an expansion of downturns. What causes credit crunch The abrupt attentiveness of banks and different speculators to loan to partnerships might be the consequence of an assortment of reasons. Above all else the moderate loaning action could be as a result of the focal government forcing or compelling direct credit controls on banks and the financial framework as a rule. It could likewise be the result of banks expectation decay as to the insurance esteem utilized they used to make sure about their credits. Moreover it could be an aftereffect of a startling raise for possible later use necessities or other fiscal conditions by the national bank. In addition saw increment in dangers concerning the dissolvability of loaning establishments inside the arrangement of banking could likewise cause a log jam in loaning action. Credit crunches could likewise be the impact of continued times of indiscreet loaning that thus prompts misfortunes and tremendous awful obligations for financial specialists. The organizations are then compelled to respond by raising loan costs and diminishing credits that can be made accessible for loaning purposes. Due to the misfortunes that these foundations and financial specialists had before caused it turns out to be difficult for them to loan farther than the fixed levels regardless of whether they wished to do as such. The crunch can likewise be for the most part because of a decrease in the costs or estimation of advantages that had been beforehand over swelled. The value breakdown at that point significantly prompts a money related emergency. Subsequently new business people or speculators in the market might be compelled to dispossession or chapter 11 as the estimations of the advantages that had been recently expanded go down. In case of credit crunch particularly if the capital accessible won't be adequate to endure the credit cycle organizations may like to go into liquidation, sell or imprint to advertise. Credit crunch happens in cycles. During its upward stage resources can encounter influence offering and prompted expansion in costs. Impacts of credit smash on the economy. For the most part the crunch has acted to diminish financial development by handicapping significant ventures and key elements of creation which are essential to guarantee a flourishing economy. The credit crunch has not just influenced the monetary markets in the nation yet it has proceeded to influence the common client and buyer who typically support and furthermore advantage from a blasting economy. The credit mash in the United Kingdom has fundamentally implied that clients are encountering an expansion in the rates and expenses charged to them by banks and other monetary organizations. For the client greater security is required in situations where the people need to take new advances or make overdrafts. For providers the circumstance continues as before with hardware advances getting significantly harder to gain and overdrafts being brought in or fundamentally being diminished. The rates offered by the monetary foundations have taken off path past most suppliers’ abilities and assurances and debentures have become the thing to take care of (OL 2007, 2-4). The expanded loaning rates have come about to limited individuals spending and have likewise left people at a misfortune not knowing from which different sources to tap their accounts. Furthermore the economy’s flexibly limit has been drastically influenced. The economy’s potential yield has been diminished prompting a deficiency of products and ventures. This additionally implies the capacity to create imaginative products and ventures has likewise been discouraged as this additionally relies upon loaning administrations gave by money related establishments that are unequipped for loaning out enough right now. Absence of benefit because of decreased development has accordingly become a standard prompting a further financial log jam. The economy has been profoundly influenced additionally in light of the fact that speculator certainty and trust in the budgetary markets has gone down. This implies gainful business has stopped and that making misfortunes has become the standard for the economy the suggestion being deficiencies in the administration financial plan. All the more so as a result the open area has gone into shortfalls (BBC News 2008, 3-5). This is overwhelming for the economy in the wake of getting a charge out of at the very least fifteen years of financial development. Enormous money related firms have been compelled to conclusion or have must be protected with gigantic harm having been experienced on their banks asset reports. Venture banks have recorded significant misfortunes in their budgetary books and further bothered by the decay of organized credit esteems. Currency advertises transient loaning has gotten excessively costly and the medium time frame unbound loaning and securitization which were among the key wellsprings of assets for budgetary have evaporated. Most organizations have furthermore been compelled to coordinate their pay towards obligations adjusting. The impacts have been contracted profit and expanded joblessness rates as organizations battle to reduce expenses. So far the biggest activity cuts and joblessness rates have been recorded in the lodging and financing segment. Indeed towards the finish of this current year the rates are relied upon to shoot to five percent which is twofold the figure that was recently recorded during the finish of 2007. The work advertise has since been debilitated as the aftereffect of the smash as more individuals escape working limits. The lodging market is among the most noticeably terrible hit and has kept on debilitating as the crunch continues. The costs in this market have tumbled to wrecking levels prompting a further decay of business rates and genuine pay. Clearly the interests in this area have gone to a record low. Home loan rates have additionally expanded, its loaning diminished and subsequently pushing the house costs down. The lodging division is in truth expected to encounter a 24 percent drop this year (Pritchard 2009, 3-6). What Is Being Done? Throughout the most recent months the economy of the nation has declined by a figure at the very least 0. 8% making it much harder for the administration to outline the best approach to recuperation (Channel 4 News 2009, 1-5). Regardless of the administrations endeavors to restore and reclaim the individuals and economy from the deplorable impacts of the credit crunch most residents are not yet fulfilled and they are in truth of the supposition that almost no is being done to fix the circumstance. The general inclination is that legislators have been only tossing words at one another and along these lines neglecting to transform their words into critical activity. The legislature regardless of these inclination from the general population is attempting everything it can to fix the harm, for instance the Prime pastor has been discovered urging individuals to endeavor to pay their obligations as opposed to overspending on some family unit wares like food. The legislature is hence attempting to urge its residents to guarantee that they have enough assets in store to clear or pay their obligations and credits. This is for the explanation that the more individuals can free the sums from cash they owe as advances the simpler it will be for the credit mash to blur away after some time. Furthermore individuals are being urged to take advances that have rates that they will have the option to bear. This is in such a case that individuals keep up the propensity for getting advances with high rates and along these lines excessively expensive to them, the more awful the credit crunch circumstance will be. Taking up advances with higher loan costs just make more noteworthy obligations for banks since individuals in the end wind up battling to pay or not paying by any stretch of the imagination, the impact will at that point be a drawn out credit crunch (Gillepse 2009, 5-7) Additionally the administration selected to build ensure on investment funds so as to dishearten or stop mass withdrawals of monetary organizations. The suggestion is that savers have their first at the very least 35,000 pounds ensured in full not at all like the earlier years where just investment funds of not in excess of 2000 pounds would be ensured in full. The legislature moreover made different endeavors to keep up loan fees and save them on hold for some time because of the disturbance in the economy. They have additionally severally in the previous year cut the rates with the point of facilitating the circumstance, attempting to manage it and to help borrowers. The administration has in addition attempted to convince its residents to avoid exaggerated resources which are all prisoner inside the credit cycle such group of four assets incorporate for instance those in the movement, synthetic substances and development businesses. The administration has additionally attempted to do foundational infusions with an end goal to help fix the emergency. It has moreover attempted to think of different salvage bundles for the money related area to add to their various endeavors to reestablish speculator certainty. In any case, until the speculator trust in the business sectors is reestablished it appears there is little that the administration can do as at now to facilitate the emergency. The administration has too sort the assistance of the globe to fix this circumstance for the explanation the nation is likewise profoundly reliant on banking streams that cross the county’s fringes. Question marks and eye foreheads have been raised about the financial frameworks monetary strategy, guideline and general administration and their capacity to monitor the framework structure unnecessary hazard taking. In end recessio

Conventional High Rise Buildings in Hong Kong Free Essays

string(68) the school so as to design a relating grounds for the school. Presentation Innovation ever underscore that the signifier of unbounded to be created dependent on the objective states of the outside condition, the compositional signifier can be to the full reflected as an outcome of its guide, in any case, such kind of engineering signifier which overwhelmed by functionalism was continuously being addressed in current occasions, a portion of the architects endeavor to happen new waies from the theoretical philosophical thought, and built up the supposed deconstruction. The Godhead of the hypothesis of deconstruction was Jacques Derrida, he was a scholar who addressed against the snugness of Manichaean idea in Western thought, and focused on the uncertainness of the content in ideological looks, he figured a deconstructive perusing can dissect the paired protections in mysticism, and another development can other than be created however the disassembly forms. The Hung Hom Bay Campus of Hong Kong Community College is arranged at the intersection of Hung Lok Road and Hung Lai Road, Hung Hom, Hong Kong. We will compose a custom exposition test on Ordinary High Rise Buildings in Hong Kong or then again any comparative point just for you Request Now The building is created on an earthy colored field site which was previously used by KCRC as a workshop. The neighboring buildings of the premises is the Royal Peninsula private things in the North of the site ( close Hung Hom South Road ) and the Hung Hom Peninsula private effects in the sou’-east ( close Hung Lok Road ) . The originator of Hung Hom Bay Campus ( HKCC ) endeavored to think about the improvement of the urbanism of Hong Kong while the build was being developed stage so as to search for additional opportunities. Endeavored to look into the capacity of deconstruction hypothesis however examination of the structures in the city. In Hong Kong, a city with a high structure thickness, institutional buildings are all things considered generally low-ascent. The Hong Kong Community College ( Hung Hom Bay Campus ) presented another alone develop in skyscraper institutional pinnacle typology, strong and invalid beat was applied in the high pinnacle ; it other than presented another way for learning and larning by spacial understandings of the structure and gave cultivates noticeable all around, to gracefully a major figure of regular infinites for sharing and connection of the educators and students. Foundation Ordinary skyscraper building in Hong Kong With the developing of engineering structure and building designing, the high rises are constructed ever more elevated. Hong Kong, as the most extravagant and quick working speed city known to mankind, covers 1000s of high rises and skyscraper buildings in its constrained land. In Hong Kong, the fashioners used to use light steel to assemble the structures. What's more, the outside divider is secured by glass wrap. This kind of configuration is wonderful and present day, yet has some potential limitations. Some investigation of the engineering outside lift structure known to man uncovers that the glass wrap divider presents fruitful answers for the cutting edge issue in the current design. However, at the level of engineering distinction and city picture, solid outside divider was non famous in the engineering plan. Some imaginative yet honestly chilling signifiers of most extreme urbanism were rising as architects develop builds for ever bigger and all the more moronically populated metropoliss like Hong Kong, however their signifier was only for visual perspective and could non semiotically speak to it ‘s map. With the structure building created, glass wrap divider has become a fundamental engineering plan known to mankind. Especially the skyscraper building and high rise all like to use the glass wrap as the outside divider. In Hong Kong, there are in excess of 2,000 buildings that utilization the glass wrap divider. In any case, there are a few employments to this engineering structure especially the light contamination which influences human life. The adornment of glass wrap divider resembles a monstrous glass reflect remaining close to the road. This engineering configuration is extremely present day and wonderful, it could advance the city’s worth and set it to a higher spot. Some commended high rises like International Finance Center, Central Plaza, Bank of China, The Center, Nina Tower and so on topographic point Hong Kong among the first metropoliss. Be that as it may, as the Hong Kong tenants referenced, they do non incline toward the building beautified with the glass wrap divider just, it is non sound and causes numerous issues for the individuals who live inside and outside. The originator of Hung Hum Bay Campus endeavored to question these customary skyscraper structures in Hong Kong, and to build up another typology of skyscraper tower by hindering down the components in high rises through deconstruction and revamp it by his investigation, on the other hand of simply using glass wrap dividers to complete the plan. The commonplace â€Å"Millennium† schools Hong Kong was holding a bound of land, the greater part of the land was in a slope and only little figure of them are level. The populace in Hong Kong requires a clump of institutional establishments, thusly, it was inefficient and non simple to design each school grounds unambiguously. In the twelvemonth of 2000, the vast majority of the structure of Hong Kong ‘s state funded schools were orchestrating to the specialists ‘s standard plan, those grounds called the model â€Å" millenary † schools, and this â€Å" basis † other than mirrors the changing of clasp, turning of the significance of cultural guidance. A run of the mill â€Å" millenary † grounds involves 6,000 square meters, with an entirety of 30 basis schoolrooms and 16 specific suites. in add-on to regular music room or craftsmanship room, the grounds other than give data and designing securing focuses, semantic correspondence obtaining room, and so forth. The understudy resort territories are at the land floor, staff suites are at the top ( seventh floor ) , and the rule schoolrooms are isolated independently. In spite of the fact that the establishments of the â€Å" millenary † grounds were without a doubt more complete than in the days of old, it ‘s fundamentally was as yet a â€Å" formed â€Å" structure, it mirrored the inflexibleness of â€Å" molded â€Å" guidance in Hong Kong. Mr. Patrick Lau, the caput of Hong Kong compositional, evaluating and urban Planning segment who has been associated with a figure of worldwide schools buildings, said that an architect ought to comprehend the interest of limitless, instructive convention and learning techniques for the school so as to design a comparing grounds for the school. You read Customary High Rise Buildings in Hong Kong in classification Exposition models The architect of Hung Hom Bay Campus of Hong Kong Community College had examined regarding the ground of using â€Å" millenary † structure. Since the specialists said it was comfort, and it can oblige each school. However, it had truly influenced the guidance strategy which both the structure of the grounds and the study classs are â€Å" molded â€Å" . Despite the fact that the standard â€Å" millenary † grounds permitted School disparaging natural structures to influence in the plan, the outcome were as yet generalized, and the structures did n’t let understudies to interface since the retreat regions, schoolrooms, exercises suites and staff suites are seperated. So the architect of Hung Hom Bay Campus ( HKCC ) separated and rearranged the focuses and maps of the customary â€Å"Millennium† grounds and worked out the new plan. Polytechnic University Semiotics Hong Kong Community College is a development of Hong Kong Polytechnic University, to investigate how the Hung Hom Bay Campus ( HKCC ) to be semiotically recognizing and stand foring Polytechnic University, this paper surveies the semiologies of different grounds of Polytechnic University. Fundamental CAMPUS: img alt=C:UsersYukHinArchitectureUnisaContemporaryAssignment src=https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/expositions/1284777.001.jpgimg alt=C:UsersYukHinArchitectureUnisaContemporaryAssignment src=https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/papers/1284777.002.jpg/ The central grounds was the most punctual strengthened grounds of Polytechnic University, it was arranged in the thickness city of Hong Kong, the arrangement of buildings were structured in straightforward standard structures and chambers, no bends or sporadic structure was in the signifier of the structures. They are completely showed up in bronzed blocks lift, it was an alone and delegate affirmation for Polytechnic University. Stripe designs other than showed up on it ‘s exterior plan as an affirmation. West Kowloon Campus ( HKCC ) : West Kowloon Campus was another grounds of Hong Kong Community College, both Hung Hom inlet grounds and it were planned in straightforward rectangular boxes resources and applied strong and nothingness in the structure while West Kowloon Campus was seting rectangular squares together, and Hung Hom cove grounds was subverting rectangular nothingnesss out ; they were both seting the nurseries noticeable all around which presented to the lifts. Conversation Deconstruction implies against structure, to defuse the core of the development ; which is described by hostile to centrality, against dualistic obstruction and hostile to power. The structure of the Hung Hom Bay Campus of Hong Kong Community College had semiotically defused the meaning of an elevated structure tower, there was no Manichaean opposition significances between the arrangement of the plan, various establishments can be associated with parcel. The fashioner had comprehended the instructive teaching and learning strategy for the Hong Kong Community College before the start of the structure, he examined and referenced the learning strategies in American guidance, which complement on loosened look, regarding the understudy ‘s musings, and to blend in with the relationship of teacher and

The USA expansion after the year 1800, changes between the years 1820 Essay

The USA extension after the year 1800, changes between the years 1820 and 1850. Hamilton's money related program and the development of mechanical assembling - Essay Example 4, 2010). America can't, helping the legislature to remember Mexico that the terms that had just been consented to in the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo made America capable just for security, not budgetary remuneration for any misfortunes that happened to individuals or region having a place with Mexico (Gadsden buy, 1853-1854, 2010). Convoluting matters was the way that a few engineers frantically needed a Southern cross-country railroad to associate the West through a southerly course. The main accessible courses went through segments of A mexican area. Things reached boiling point in 1853, when the Mexican government expelled Americans from their homes in the Mesilla Valley (Gadsden buy, 1853-1854, 2010). ... In spite of the fact that there were little episodes of strain starting here on between the United States and Mexico, this settlement did a lot to cool the outside relations that had recently been tense between the two nations. The United States experienced numerous progressions between the years 1820 and 1850, including financial, mechanical, and financial changes, just as the issue of bondage. Of these changes, which do you think had the best impact during this time? Clarify your decision. I believe that the mechanical changes experienced in the United States during this time had the best impact on the nation. Despite the fact that the progressions were powered by a huge populace development, with the American populace extending from 4,000,000 of every 1790 to ten million out of 1820, and seventeen million of every 1840, it was still industry that developed quickly and affected pretty much every other segment of American life (Brinkley 2004). The development of ventures affected th e development of urban areas, which impacted the progressions that occurred because of the extended number of individuals in those urban communities. The populaces of urban areas quickened rapidly, as did the quantity of manufacturing plants in New England, with water power being supplanted by steam power and later coal power. What had started as a â€Å"factory system† in New England for material laborers was immediately ventured into different businesses, for example, the shoe business (Brinkley 2004). I likewise accept that mechanical changes had the best effect on the nation from 1820 to 1850 on the grounds that the development of industry filled new innovations and contraptions that came into administration just because. Maybe the greatest was the railroad that would before long range the whole length of the United States. Prior to 1820, the fundamental type of transportation

Job-Sharing Essay -- Employment Work Essays

Occupation Sharing One may bewilder when asked, what is work sharing? In spite of the fact that the inquiry may sound abnormal, it is on the grounds that we are increasingly acquainted with the expression adaptable work. All things considered, work sharing is a piece of adaptable work. Occupation sharing is an arrangement of work where two individuals assume the liability for one full-time position, isolating work, pay, occasions and different advantages between them as per the time they work.1 It is a feasible alternative when normal low maintenance work isn't, that is, when authoritative needs require the activity to be occupied on a full-time premise, however not really by just a single individual. The activity is part to address the issues of the sharers and of the activity itself. In addition, Job-sharing is a staffing course of action that is adaptable to staff members’ work plans. Regularly two occupants, each dealing with staff-named low maintenance premise, share a full time position. W hile the thought has been around for some time, associations all through the nation are been more gathering to it more than any other time in recent memory. Employment sharing initially turned into an issue when laborers in double salary families discovered clashes with family commitments. Occupation sharing alternatives were a methods for keeping esteemed representatives ready and evading superfluous enlistment and preparing costs. Today, associations are discovering that activity sharing conveys its own rewards.2 BODY: Regardless of whether you are in an open, non-benefit, or private division, your association might be affected by work sharing. As per work sharing investigation directed in April 1994 by Conference Board, a business look into association situated in New York City, 74 percent of 131 organizations overviewed, extended employment opportunity sharing alternatives. The overview secured that similarity of position sharers, solid relational abilities, trust ... ...retrain them. Conclusion: As I would see it, work sharing is something each business ought to take an interest in light of the fact that it spares occupations; it sets aside organizations cash on additional time pays; it is more beneficial than cutbacks and; organizations can keep prepared representatives. It might be imperative to accept that later on, bosses will be progressively open to work sharing experts. BIBLIOGRAGPY 1 â€Å"Work and Family Responsibility: Adjusting the Balance.† CCH 1994. 2 â€Å"Job Sharing Offers Unique Challenges.† HR Magazine. Elizabeth Shelly. 1996. 3 â€Å"Job Sharing in Education.† Clearing House 52 January 1993: 223-225. 4 â€Å"The Way The (Part-Time) World Works in Workplace.† ACTU Magazine, Winter 1993. 5 â€Å"Job Sharing for Teachers.† Working Women 2 (July 1994): 65. 6 â€Å"Flexible Working Time and Family Life: A Review of Changes:, McRae, Susan. 1989, Oxford.

Why Heroin Users Are at Risk for Contracting AIDS

Why Heroin Users Are at Risk for Contracting AIDS Addiction Drug Use Heroin Print Heroin Users Have an Increased Risk of AIDS Exposure By Buddy T facebook twitter Buddy T is an anonymous writer and founding member of the Online Al-Anon Outreach Committee with decades of experience writing about alcoholism. Learn about our editorial policy Buddy T Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on April 28, 2015 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD Updated on August 01, 2019 Diverse Images/UIG/Getty Images More in Addiction Drug Use Heroin Cocaine Marijuana Meth Ecstasy/MDMA Hallucinogens Opioids Prescription Medications Alcohol Use Addictive Behaviors Nicotine Use Coping and Recovery The use of the drug heroin, by itself, does not increase the risk of contracting any disease or virus. It is the activities and behaviors surrounding the use of heroin that increases the risk of being exposed to HIV, viral hepatitis, and other infections. Using and sharing syringes and other injection paraphernalia and unprotected sexual contact with others who are infected is the reason that heroin users are at special risk of contracting HIV/AIDS and hepatitis B and C. Risky Sexual Behavior Even heroin users who snort or smoke are at greater risk for contracting infections because, in general, people under the influence of drugs tend to engage in risky sexual behaviors that can expose them. But, injection drug users are by far the highest-risk group for acquiring hepatitis C (HVC) infection. Of all the new hepatitis C patients in 2010, 53% were injection drug users. Additionally, an estimated 20% of all injection drug users in 2010 were infected with the hepatitis B infection, according to the National Institute on Drug Abuse. Other Health Challenges Heroin users can also have co-occurring conditions that can affect one another and create health challenges. These can include hepatitis and other diseases, mental illnesses, social dysfunction, and stigma. According to the NIDA, treatment plans for heroin abusers should be comprehensive and designed to address co-occurring issues to reduce drug use and drug-related risk behaviors, which in turn, can reduce the exposure to infectious diseases. Risk Increase for Heroin Addicts The two major threats that heroin use poses is the risk of overdose and the risk of addiction. Heroin can be a powerful addiction, causing people to do things they normally would never consider doing otherwise, like sharing dirty needles or having risky sex. Therefore the risk of contracting HIV infection or other infections is much greater for a full-blown heroin addict than it would be for a casual user. But, that is the big risk with heroin. Casual users generally do not remain casual users for very long.

Case Study of Customer Service in an Airline - 550 Words

Case Study of Customer Service in an Airline (Essay Sample) Content: Name of Student:Name of Instructor:Course of Study:Date:Case Study of Customer Service in an AirlineWhat Would Have Been Done Differently In this situation, the first step would have been to comply with the first golden rule of marketing which requires that: Do not let your customers get hurt. In order to ensure the passengers is not hurt, I would approach him and explain to him that he did not meet a particular requirement for boarding the flight and that it was against the policies of the airline for a passenger to board the flight in an irregular manner. In the process of explaining these regulations to the customer, I would use a more pleasant and less aggressive tone that does not cause the customer to get hurt or threatened. The customer would then be asked to either comply with the required procedure or fail to use the flight. If the customer is unwilling to cooperate, I will refer him to the next person in authority such as the airline management officers or o ther person who has a higher authority. The second step would have been to comply with the second rule which states that: When you apologize, sound like you mean it. In this case, I will inform the customer that I am sorry for the circumstances he has undergone and tell him that it should not cause much disappointment and that we are dedicated to ensure his needs are addressed by the airline irrespective of the circumstances he has undergone. I will also ensure the customer is asked to express his wishes and desires regarding any assistance he needs from the attendants by telling him to feel free to ask for any help and that nobody will convict him for doing so. Impact of the Poor reputation on Passenger Trust in the Airline A poor customer service results into a corresponding lack of trust in the airline because most airline passengers relate the quality of services provided by what the customer service attendants tell them or the methods in which they interact with them. If a cust omer attendant does not sound pleasant to the passengers, they will develop the belief that the airline is of low quality and will opt to use other airlines. A poor customer reputation such as an act of forcefully removing a patient from the airline will result into a negative impact by promoting a state of unfriendliness between the customers and the airline operators. Furthermore, most customers show satisfaction on the basis of the services delivered to them compared with their expectations of the serv...

Aaron Douglas Crucifixion Essay - 1337 Words

Aaron Douglas’ Crucifixion Throughout much of Modernism many artists were influenced and informed by the work of exotic regions throughout the world, more specifically Africa. African Art would influence much of the Modern Movements from the latter part of the Nineteenth and the beginning of the Twentieth Centuries. Much is said of the artists within the Harlem Renaissance, and how it directly reflects the influence of Africana upon their art. Often times, this work is neglected to be considered Modern if not in specialized selections of course throughout many of todays higher institutions of learning. However, thus being said, Aaron Douglas, often considered the pioneer of African American Modern Art, would bring this notion to the†¦show more content†¦In addition to the aforementioned, â€Å"The Crucifixion† was originally illustrated in James Weldon Johnson’s book of poems, â€Å"God’s Trombones: Seven Negro Sermons in Verse† (Driskell, 110). However, with the subject ma tter and the painterly quality it is not hard to place them among fine art painting. For the vast majority of Douglas’ work, as with â€Å"The Crucifixion,† black history, religion, and myth provided the substantive sources for his stylized subjects (Driskell, 111). The composition is highly composed with a designer’s eye for detail and stylistic elements. Furthermore, the central figure of Jesus, which is washed-out, flattened white, surrounded by geometric forms and interpenetrating circular shapes, possibly signifying a halo or representation of thereof, and also moves the composition outwardly from the central Jesus; hinting towards the modern use of interpenetrating lines that occurred within Cubism (Pinder, 107). Douglas layers Cubist design elements to create a highly fragmented, yet cohesive composition that reads more designed and symbolic through imagery. To add, the use of very directional/graphic arrows pointing upwards and outwardly, it is not hard to read this as something taking the importance away from the central Jesus figure to the overshadowing black man and to the heavens. Additionally one cannot begin to confront the issue of Modernity and Modern Art movements without mentioning the influence of African art objects on Modern

Global Warming the Truth behind the Matter - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 4 Words: 1063 Downloads: 1 Date added: 2019/03/14 Category Ecology Essay Level High school Tags: Global Warming Essay Did you like this example? Â  Approximately 4.543 billion years ago the earth that we call home was created. Since that time the atmosphere has gone through some drastic changes but, the most change seen in the atmosphere has been within the last 100 years. The reason behind this change has been human evolution and the changes we have had industrial wise. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Global Warming the Truth behind the Matter" essay for you Create order As technology has continued to grow so has our need for the thing that affect our environment badly and help power our new ideals. The atmospheric changes we have had come from a term we call global warming. Since we have played a major role in the pollution that has changed our earth, we must now realize what global warming is, what our role has been to make if flourish, and things we must do to reduce the effects it is having on our planet. Due to different reasons our climate continues to change, mostly heating up, causing polar ice melting, severe tropical storms, and mass droughts. We refer to this change as Global warming. The pure definition of this term is a gradual increase in the overall temperature of the earths atmosphere generally attributed to the greenhouse effect caused by increased levels of carbon dioxide, chlorofluorocarbons, and other pollutants. Although there are skeptics that try to deny or redirect what global warming is, it is obvious that it is real and that it is serious. Over the past decade temperatures have risen more than any other time that we have measured. This graph shows the temperature increase and difference from a scale in terms of the last century. After the economic boom in the 1920’s the temperature has slowly began to rise. Although it seemingly looks as if it is risen only a little this amount, during this time period there has been plenty of devastation around the wor ld. Over recent year scientist have continued to discover different ways we are affecting our climate badly and the list seems to continually grow. As the search continues to find the causes it is agreed amongst the main scientist community that the main cause is green house gases. Greenhouse gases are known as water vapor, Carbon dioxide, nitrous oxide, and methane. These gases are what create the greenhouse effect, warming that results when the atmosphere traps heat radiating from Earth toward space. Each of these gases play a different role in the change and each are as important as the other. Water vapor acts a feed back to show how much the atmosphere is warming seeing it is the most abundant. Carbon dioxide, Nitrous oxide, and methane are all produced form humans and some natural resources. Carbon emission is the biggest human factor of all. Over the last century the burning of fossil fuels like coal and oil has increased the concentration of atmospheric carbon dioxide. This graph from the NOAA shows the mass amount of carbon currently in our atmosphere and how much was in the previous thousands of years. This show the amount as they truly are, of the charts. As the science around global warming continues to grow it has become more obvious how much it contributes to natural disasters, and Wildfires has become on of the biggest destructive things that carbon emission has affected. With the continual rise of carbon emission our environment continues to heat up. Wildfires on the west coast of the United States have continued to become more frequent and dangerous since the late 1900’s and early 21st century. In the span between 1986 and 2003, wildfires happened almost four times as often, burned more than six times the land area, and lasted almost five times as long when compared to the period between 1970 and 1986. As the graph above shows, the gradual increase in land being burned gives a key sign to the increase in its dangerousness and destructiveness. These rises are due to the effects of the greenhouse effect and will continue to rise. Rick Ochoa, fire weather program manager at the National Interagency Fire Center in Idaho, told MNN, We still have a long way to go on prescribed burns, but I would say that while we are making improvements on that, in some regards global warming is outrunning our ability to do it. The overview of this research paper is to gain a greater understanding that global warming has been growing tremendously due to the greenhouse effect. Each time something on the planet releases carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases, it has an effect on global warming. When looking into a way to slow the increase of global warming nations are taking action to use less energy by withdrawing themselves from things that require a lot of energy and creating or building alternatives fuels for their homes and more. As an individual, I can work on using my car less, so gas is not used as much to minimize the release of carbon dioxide. With that, I will take the public transportation or car poll. At home, if items that require electricity is not being used, they can be unplugged and put away. There are so many ways people can work toward slowing global warming’s increased effect on the environment. So for that matter, after doing all the research that I have, I agree that global warming is a huge trend and it is real. The resources showed the increase through important facts and also with graphs to prove and show the evidences of what is happening in our atmosphere. Now reviewing the paper and everything learned, one can say that a change needs to occur. The change does not have to be all at once, it can be something that is gradually worked on. People just need to know that action is needed because the cause of disasters is us. As the atmosphere continues to change it is becoming more dangerous not only for the human population but most of all for our planet itself. References Carbon dioxide concentration | NASA Global Climate Change. (2017, May 17). Retrieved November 18, 2018, from https://climate.nasa.gov/vital-signs/carbon-dioxide/ N., U., R. (2014, July 8). Global Climate Change: Evidence and Causes. Retrieved November 18, 2018, from https://globalclimate.ucr.edu/resources.html NASA/GISS, C. C. (2013, October 09). Is Global Warming Real? Retrieved November 17, 2018, from https://www.nationalgeographic.com/environment/global-warming/global-warming-real/ McLendon, R. (2017, July 10). Are wildfires getting worse? Retrieved November 21, 2018, from https://www.mnn.com/earth-matters/translating-uncle-sam/stories/are-wildfires-getting-worse

Schooling Children With Down Syndrome Toward An...

Full Citizenship In order to fully serve all students within a classroom setting, it is helpful to consider the membership of each individual class member. The criteria used to consider a student’s membership or citizenship within a classroom community comes from the book, Schooling Children with Down Syndrome: Toward an Understanding of Possibility, written by Christopher Kliewer in 1998. â€Å"The four elements of citizenship (are): 1) a belief in one’s ability to think, 2) a belief in one’s individuality, 3) a belief in the reciprocity of the relationship, and 4) a shared social place.† (Rapp, p.129, 2012) The ultimate goal for each student is to achieve full citizenship where the contributions of each member are considered by others and the academic needs of each member are also being met. Rapp further explains Kliewer’s elements to possess a â€Å"belief that everyone is capable of thinking-thinking deeply, thinking creatively, thinking fo r themselves† (Rapp, p.129, 2012), â€Å"the belief that each person has unique characteristics all his or her own† (Rapp, p.130, 2012), â€Å"you believe that everyone has something to give and everyone has something to receive; everyone is a teacher and a learner† (Rapp, p.129, 2012), and â€Å"it is a place where each individual belongs and where he or she is valued and can take risks without fear or failure or persecution.† (Rapp, p.129, 2012) The common theme of Kliewer’s elements revolves around ideas of being open minded and believing that

A Dynamic Greek Epic Poem Iliad - 1354 Words

Ancient Greek History is very well known as fascinating due to its many civilization and great heroic people surrounding their history. A dynamic Greek epic poem Iliad portrays the siege of Troy, attributed to Homer. Adventurous and braveness with god-like qualities describe an ancient classic Greek hero in this poem. Iliad is known now as one of the oldest in two surviving ancient Greek epic poems relating the events near the end of Trojan War. Hero’s are known as important figures in ancient Greek history and some of their qualities included; having one immortal parent, born into royalty, having an unusual birth, being favored by the gods, marrying a princess, becoming a subject of a prophecy, and dying an ignoble or unpardonable death. The heroes’ in the Iliad poem can attest for many of these attributes. Emphasis on Iliad depicted how the ancient Greeks celebrate wars. Realities of the war were never ignored; their men died ferociously whiles their women became slav es or courtesan. Heroes in Iliad also chose soldierly exaltation or honor over the life of their families. Hector and Achilles who were the classic hero characters in the test valued their braveness, nobleness, fame and integrity and made a voluntarily sacrifice to be in war rather than to live with their families and those they love. The author’s detailing imagery in the Iliad gave emphasis on how â€Å"arà ªte† meaning the pursuit of excellence or moral goodness was focused on sense ofShow MoreRelatedThe Epic Poem Of Troy1356 Words   |  6 Pages The Ancient Greek History is famous for its many fascinating civilization and great heroic people surrounding the history. Iliad portrays the siege of a dynamic ancient Greek epic poem of Troy, which is attributed to Homer. Adventurous and braveness with god-like qualities is used to describe the ancient classic Greek heroes in this poem. Iliad is now known as one of the aged surviving ancient Greek epic poems, w hich directly relates to the events near the end of Trojan War. HeroicRead MoreThe Aeneid Essay1069 Words   |  5 PagesAeneid was later completed by two of Virgil’s friends, that fixed the minor grammatical errors and published the poem. This decision affected the track of literary history and the development of western culture. In fact, the Bible and the Aeneid were probably the two most consistently read books in Western Europe for hundreds of years. (â€Å"Virgil and the Moderns†) The Aeneid is a Latin epic poem that was written in the late first century. It tells the legendary story of Aeneas, a Trojan who traveled toRead MoreThe Iliad Of All Time Essay1441 Words   |  6 Pagesgreatest epics of all time. Clearly, Homer’s original poem, the Iliad, influenced Virgil’s Aeneid to a large degree not only in plot setting and characters, but the similarities manifest at the literary level, for instance devices such as the same heroic meter, illustrious similes, allegory, ekriphas, division into books, even though way that the Greeks and Trojans are portrayed amongst many others are features of both works. However, there are striking differences between the two, while the Iliad reliesRead MoreThe Involvement By The Gods888 Words   |  4 Pagesreluctance, Zeus speaks to a Dream: Go, deadly Dream, along the Greek ships Until you come to the hut of Agamemnon, And deliver this message to him exactly: Order him to arm his long-haired Greeks. Now is his time to capture Troy. The Olympian gods are no longer divided; Hera has bent them all to her will And targeted the Trojans for pain (Lombardo 2.12-19). The role of Thetis in the Iliad, is mostly untold. However, the power of Thetis is dynamic as she takes on the role of the protector and is shaped byRead More Comparing The Iliad and The Bible Essay2167 Words   |  9 PagesComparing The Iliad and The Bible  Ã‚      Throughout recorded history, man has sought explanations for the various phenomena that occur in every facet of nature, and when no obvious answer is forthcoming, still a theory is often proposed.   These explanatory theories, often taking the form of stories or chronicles, are usually linked to some sort of mysticism or divine intervention.   By ascribing that which he does not understand to the gods’ will at work, man avoids facing up to his own lackRead MoreEssay on Gender in the Odyssey1002 Words   |  5 PagesOdysseus values and character traits serve as a paradigm of the ideal Homeric Greek man. The god-like Odysseus is crafty, valiant, wise, and eloquent. He gains much of his knowledge through travel, the meeting of different cultures and peoples and learns from suffering and mistakes. He is an aristocrat and a warrior of all warriors. We first learn of many of these traits in Homers Iliad. Agamemnon, the commander of the Greek army always calls on Odysseus f or assignments that required someone cunningRead More The Role of Men and Women in Homers The Odyssey 1173 Words   |  5 PagesWho is the ideal Greek man? It can be argued that through the illustration Homer weaves throughout the Odyssey, Odysseuss character traits cast a lens as a prime example of a man in ancient Greek society. He appears to be brave, intelligent, well-spoken, and clever. Much of his knowledge is discovered by his travels, absorbing the local culture around him and using it as a guide. Aristocratic and a warrior. Perhaps the best warrior of all time. It is the Iliad which presents these attributes initiallyRead MoreIliad Father Son Relationship1562 Words   |  7 PagesIn The Iliad, Homer offers incredible insights into the themes of human interactions. While the epic narrative moves forward, these dynamics are kept intertwined with the devastating battlefield. One of the prominent themes is the father-son relationship and this Iliadic father-son dynamic is foc used mostly between Priam and Hector. Looking at scenes featuring both characters, their interactions feature mutual feelings of love, concern, and, most importantly, interdependency. Priam cares for HectorRead MoreAn Ideal Hero: Greek vs. Roman Essay1527 Words   |  7 Pagescivilizations (Attached) 3. Ages of early Greek mythology to Ovid ( Poet of Metamorphoses) a. Origin of humans: sacred clay (wise and rulers) blood of titans (murderous and criminals), and stones(endurance) b. 4 ages as decline: Golden (peace), Silver (seasons farming), Bronze (war), Iron (mining, deforestation, crime). 4. Dominant and alternate cultural themes in the Iliad Audience: upper-class men Purpose: cultural propaganda. Greek Heros= models of courage skill to men (whatRead MoreComparing The Epic The Iliad Against The Bible s First Book Genesis Essay1877 Words   |  8 PagesUpon initial consideration, comparing similarities in the Homeric epic The Iliad against the Bible’s first book Genesis would seem outlandish. The comparisons between the two tales may not be abundantly clear. The parables of the Bible serve as religious cornerstones for society, while Greek tragedies serve as the moral lessons on which our culture is predicated. Fate in both narratives is understood to be a governing body, with a prominence being placed on remaining on the course with that which

Response †Life of Pi Free Essays

string(65) " that all animals have souls, which is shown through their eyes\." Response The novel, â€Å"Life of Pi† by Yann Martel is about a boy who lives in Pondicherry, India with his family. It is about how he and his family decide to move to Canada with the animals they own and the tragedy on sea. The book explains how Pi survives life and it is narrated by the first character, Pi, who is older now and is looking back on his life and younger years. We will write a custom essay sample on Response – Life of Pi or any similar topic only for you Order Now Pi and his family embarked on the voyage to Canada along with the animals when Pi was around 16 years old. In the midst of the journey, a storm lashed the ship and Pi’s parents, brother and most of the animals did not survive. Pi managed to escape in a life boat and initially did not realize that he had company – and who was it? Well, it was the animals and who were they? Well definitely not those Pi would have dreamt of- an orangutan, a hyena, a zebra and last, but not the least, a tiger- yes a real tiger named Richard Parker. The book tells us about Pi’s battle with survival and the dangers he faced, both with the animals and life at sea. At his age, it was almost impossible, but he survived. The character, Pi has great determination and made the best of the limited resources he had. Every day during his expedition, he was faced with a new challenge. He witnessed the killing of the animals and was helpless. Finally being left alone with the tiger and being gripped with fear- he had 2 choices – to become the tiger’s prey or friend. This was in addition to the challenges at sea, with different weather conditions and with a small supply of food and a survival kit. I admire the bravery of the character Pi towards everything and his positive attitude- He never gave up even though he was forced to live in a boat with a tiger. The principle of â€Å"survival† is applicable. Pi shows us that we must not give up when we do anything, no matter how hard it is. The theme of bravery and courage is very relevant to our world today because, we usually find ourselves not wanting to do things when we find them hard. We are always asking ourselves whether we should just take the easy way out and quit. Pi’s bravery and courage is evident in the story where it is quoted, â€Å"You might think I lost all hope at that point. I did. And as a result I perked up and felt much better. † Also another quote that shows this is, â€Å"I was giving up. I would have given up – if a voice hadn’t made itself heard in my heart. The voice said â€Å"I will not die. I refuse it. I will make it through this nightmare. I will beat the odds, as great as they are. I have survived so far, miraculously. Now I will turn miracle into routine. The amazing will be seen every day. I will put in all the hard work necessary. Yes, so long as God is with me, I will not die. Amen. † The things that stands out to me in his quote is that he knew that God was with him and that God would keep him safe. Even when things are hard and you feel that there is no point in continuing, you should still persevere. Only when you persevere, you will be able to achieve and will be rewarded. This will make you feel satisfied and better than before. You don’t know what life is going to be like, we cannot see the future, but it is our job as humans to take what comes at us and make the best of it. This is determination. The famous saying â€Å"When the going gets tough, the tough get going. † While adrift, Pi and Richard Parker discover an island of carnivorous algae inhabited by a bountiful population of meerkats. Pi’s sees the meerkats pulling out dead fish from the ponds. Pi and Richard Parker were delighted to find that they have found food to eat and a place to live – but no! Pi later discovers a fruit on the tree that he was sleeping on. While peeling the last few leaves around the fruit off, Pi finds that all the fruit make a perfect set of teeth. At night, Pi looks around and sees that the water colour changes and becomes acidic somehow and he knows this because he can see that fish are dying under the acidic water and floating to the top. He realizes that during the night the island somehow becomes carnivorous. This is a message to him that the island is inhabitable and he and Richard Parker must get out of the island. So they left the next morning filling their boats with supplies of water, and seaweed and meerkats for Richard Parker. I admired Pi’s ability and patience to make the tiger, Richard Parker his friend. We must learn to be more like Pi in the way we act by being sensitive to the needs of others. When leaving the island he made sure to take food for Parker for the journey and not only for himself. We must be willing to do anything. Pi was willing to train the tiger and he did succeed over time. This is evident in the story as in the beginning when Pi was younger, he wanted to feed the tiger not realising the dangers he was putting himself into. He only realised the danger in encountering a wild animal when his father saved him by pulling him away and bringing a goat and showing him how the tiger snatched the goat even though the tiger was in a cage. Pi wanted to feed the tiger not only because he thought Richard Parker was his friend but because he felt that all animals have souls, which is shown through their eyes. You read "Response – Life of Pi" in category "Life" Pi himself acknowledges the tiger as his companion in the book when he says: â€Å"Without Richard Parker, I wouldn’t be alive today to tell you my story. † Pi had a tremendous amount of patience with the tiger. Richard Parker is very cunning and so Pi had to be more careful in the way he acted with the tiger. The patience was shown when Pi was motivated to catch food for the tiger to satisfy the tiger’s hunger. By doing this the tiger would not turn to Pi as his prey. Richard Parker was a blessing for Pi as fishing for food kept Pi busy. Even though Pi was mortified by Richard Parker he developed a soft spot for him. He was willing to do anything to keep him alive. The author makes readers feel the love that Pi had for Richard Parker. In those times in the boat Pi gives the impression that to him Richard Parker is equivalent to a human. This is shown in the story when Pi said â€Å"Dare I say I miss him? I do. I miss him. I still see him in my dreams. They are nightmares mostly, but nightmares tinged with love. I still cannot understand how he could abandon me so unceremoniously, without any sort of goodbye, without looking back even once. That pain is like an axe that chops at my heart. †Ã‚   This quote is telling us that when they reach Mexico, Richard Parker just walks away. Pi feels hurt. He feels as if the tiger doesn’t care about anything that has happened in the last 227 days. This really hurts Pi because he feels betrayed and saddened that Richard Parker left him. He never imagined this to happen. This proves that earlier when his father said, â€Å"you think tiger is your friend, he is an animal, not a playmate! †, he was right because no matter what even if you think the tiger is going to be your friend he/she will not. Even though they are not together anymore the author is giving the impression that no matter, Pi will always love Richard Parker. I admire Pi’s openness. The most important reason I admire Pi is because he prayed to God. He was universal in his thinking of religion as he followed three different religions. He was Hindu by birth but chose to practice and follow Islam and Christianity as well. Even though others like Pi’s parents and religious leaders criticize him for following more than one religion Pi still continued to do so anyway not at all effected by what others had to say. Pi says that he meets Jesus Christ through Father Martin and Islam through Mr Kumar. Through living out these three religions Pi was able make connections between the religions. Conclusion: Therefore, I can apply this to our own society and in the way I act. The following qualities of Pi are worth noting; his determination, bravery, courage, perseverance, patience, sensitivity, willingness to do anything, love and openness. Pi’s determination has taught me to always be confident when making decisions about anything because confidence allows you and others to know that you are sure of what you are doing. Pi’s bravery has taught me to always have a positive attitude. It has taught me when you have bravery you can convince others and that when you are brave you are determined to do what you want. Pi’s courage has taught me that when you are brave and determined you have courage to do something. I can have courage when doing extra-curricular activities. There may be no one that I know of but by doing them anyway this shows that I have courage. Pi’s perseverance has taught me to always continue what I am doing to the end. He has taught me to never leave any task undone. Pi’s patience has taught me to always be calm with others. He has taught me not to get angry when I see something annoying me or to start grumbling. In the future I must learn to be calm with everyone and not only to my friends. Pi’s sensitivity has taught me to always be sensitive and caring to the needs of others and those around me. He has taught me to care for others by helping people carry their things or just by simply brightening a person’s day. Pi’s willingness to do anything had taught me to always be ready to help others no matter what. He has taught me to always be ready to lend a helping hand at anything. I can do this by helping my school out at school working bees. Pi’s love has taught me that I must not boast about how we love people, but simply show love through our everyday actions. I can show love by praying for the needy and others who have asked for prayers or by sitting with people at lunch time that may not have a friend to sit with. Lastly, Pi’s openness has taught me to keep my mind and soul open for everyone and everything. He has taught me to start things with an open mind instead of in a bad way which may affect how I may do things. We can learn to be more like Pi we can be more loving, brave and open to those around us. From this story, I have learnt that I can do anything that I persevere. We must all be like Pi in the way we lead our lives. Pi never judged anyone. He always saw the best in everyone and everything. I have also learnt that being patient can get me somewhere in life. Patience is the ability to endure waiting, delay, or provocation without becoming annoyed or upset, or to persevere calmly when faced with difficulties. How to cite Response – Life of Pi, Essays

I Go Along free essay sample

The story I Go Along, by Richard Peck, is about a boy named Gene who has changed his attitude while going on a class trip to see a poet. Throughout the story, the title is relative in various ways to the context of the story itself and represents many themes, such as dependence and conformity and most importantly, the idea that it is vital to make decision based on your own thoughts instead of following the crowd. By looking at the title of the story, I Go Along, the readers can directly obtain a sense associated with dependence and conformity. This sense is quickly explored at the beginning of the story as Gene goes along the crowd as everybody in the class puts up their hands (para.8) when his teachers asks them to go to a poetry reading. Genes reaction of raising his hand without thinking, going along with the class demonstrates that he plays a role as a follower instead of a leader in his everyday life. We will write a custom essay sample on I Go Along or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The title of the story successfully makes a connection with Genes dependent and conforming nature, which makes the title more relative to the context of the story. If you dive into the story more deeply, however, the title of the story can also represent more ideas, such as if you always follow or go along with the majority, then you would never realize what you could accomplish and achieve. One most obvious and direct example from the story that illustrates this idea is when Gene pulls his ball cap down to his nose and laces his fingers behind his head and kicks back in the seat ( para.57). Although Gene is recommend to switch to the advanced English class, which is a higher level he is capable of achieving, his reaction displays his careless attitude as a member of the lower class. Gene, who does not make his own decision and often adopts the crowds idea causes his own loss of chance of achieving something greater. At this point in the story, the title I Go Along is responsive to the attitude Gene has, as who tends to follow the majority. The title of the story can represent many different themes and ideas, of which each is significantly related to the context of the story. By analysing these various subjects, such as dependence, conformity, and the concept that making independent decision could lead to greater accomplishment, the readers will not only witness how effective Peck has been in using the story title to connect with the story itself, but come to understand the message the story is trying to convey from a deeper

Private Label free essay sample

PRIVATE LABEL BRANDS AND THEIR PERCEPTION AMONG INDIAN YOUTH Dr. Ankit Mehrotra Faculty Jaipuria Institute of Management, Lucknow Dr. Reeti Agarwal Faculty (Marketing), Jaipuria Institute of Management, Lucknow Article No: 180 Year:November 2009 ISSN 0974 – 9497 Volume 3, Issue 4/4 Abstract: Retail and real estate are the two booming sectors of India in the present times. Retail, one of India’s upcoming industries, has presently emerged as the most dynamic and fast paced industries of recent times with several players entering the market. One of the routes taken up by Indian retailers to succeed in the retail business is to focus on private label brands. Retailers use private label brands to compete with the national brands by setting competitive price points. Determining customer perception towards private label brands is an essential part of a retailer’s marketing strategy formulation process. To gain this understanding in respect of Indian customers specially the youth of India, the study was conducted using the personal survey method on respondents taken from the northern part of India. We will write a custom essay sample on Private Label or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The major findings of the study depict that though respondents on the whole prefer national label brands over private label brands, the preference pattern is significantly affected by the age and profession of respondents. Age and profession were also found to affect the preference pattern and satisfaction level of respondents in respect of private label brands in different categories of products. Key words: profession Private label brands, apparels, grocery, electronics, Indian youth perception, age, INTRODUCTION The Indian retail market, which is the fifth largest retail destination globally, has been ranked the second most attractive emerging market for investment after Vietnam in the retail sector by AT Kearneys seventh annual Global Retail Development Index (GRDI), in 2008. The share of retail trade in the countrys gross domestic product (GDP) was between 8–10 per cent in 2007. It is currently around 12 per cent, and is likely to reach 22 per cent by 2010. A McKinsey report The rise of Indian Consumer Market, estimates that the Indian consumer market is likely to grow four times by 025. Commercial real estate services company, CB Richard Ellis findings state that Indias retail market is currently valued at US$ 511 billion (Bang, 2009). Banks, capital goods, engineering, fast moving consumer goods (FMCG), software services, oil marketing, power, two-wheelers and telecom companies are leading the sales and profit growth of India Inc in the fourth quarter of 200809. India continues to be among the most attractive countries for global retailers. At US$ 511 billion in 2008, its retail market is larger than ever and drawing both global and local retailers. Foreign direct investment (FDI) inflows as on January 2009, in single-brand retail trading, stood at approximately US$ 1 25. 18 million, according to the Department of Industrial Policy and Promotion (DIPP) (www. dipp. nic. in). According to the Investment commission of India, the overall retail market is expected to grow from US$ 262 billion to about US$ 1065 billion by 2016, with organised retail amounting to US$ 165 billion (approximately 15. per cent of total retail sales). India is expected to be among the top 5 retail markets in the world in 10 years. Indias overall retail sector is expected to rise to US$ 833 billion by 2013 and to US$ 1. 3 trillion by 2018, at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 10 per cent. As an emerging market with high growth rates, consumer spending has risen sharply as the youth population (more than 33 percent of the country is below the age of 15) has seen a significant increase in its disposable income. Consumer spending rose an impressive 75 per cent in the past four years alone. Also, organised retail, which accounts for almost 5 per cent of the market, is expected to grow at a CAGR of 40 per cent from US$ 20 billion in 2007 to US$ 107 billion by 2013. India has emerged the third most attractive market destination for apparel retailers, according to a new study by global management consulting firm AT Kearney. It further says that in India, apparel is the second largest retail category, representing 10 per cent of the US$ 37 billion retail market. It is expected to grow 12-15 per cent per year. Apparel, along with food and grocery, will lead organised retailing in India. India has one of the largest numbers of retail outlets in the world. A report by Images Retail estimates the number of operational malls to grow more than twofold, to cross 412, with 205 million square feet by 2010, and a further 715 malls to be added by 2015, with major retail developments even in tier-II and tier-III cities in India. Also, according to new market research report by RNCOS titled, Booming Retail Sector in India, organised retail market in India is expected to reach US$ 50 billion by 2011 (http://www. rncos. com/Report/IM112. ht m) . The report specifies that the number of shopping malls is expected to increase at a CAGR of more than 18. 9 per cent from 2007 to 2015. It further specifies that rural market is projected to dominate the retail industry landscape in India by 2012 with total market share of above 50 per cent. Thus, according to industry experts, the next phase of growth is expected to come from rural markets, with rural India accounting for almost half of the domestic retail market, valued over US$ 300 billion. Rural India is set to witness an economic boom, with per capita income having grown by 50 per cent over the last 10 years, mainly on account of rising commodity prices and improved productivity. As already mentioned, the Indian retail industry is valued at $270 billion, with organized retail cornering 4. 5%. The organized pie is expected to see a growth at a CAGR of 37 % (India Retail Report 2007) 2 Source: http://www. chillibreeze. com/articles_v arious/top-10-retailers. asp In order to be truly successful, retailers must advance from the generic or store brand mindset of the past to a new private label paradigm. Many retailers have begun to describe their private label brands as â€Å"own† brands because there is recognition that these proprietary, exclusive offerings are tools that represent momentous power and potential for the retail store. Sales of private label brands (PLBs), also called store brands, have been growing rapidly in recent years (Batra and Sinha, 2000). The term â€Å"own† brands acknowledges that today’s visionary retail marketers have powerful proprietary portfolios that they control and manage and there is potential to reap bigger and better rewards by taking a closer look at the way they orchestrate the role and expression of these brand offerings in the eyes of consumers in each product category. Those retailers who appreciate the magnitude of this brand opportunity have created a new industry standard in their realm of influence and activity. Retailers like PLBs because of their potential to increase store loyalty, chain profitability, control over shelf space, bargaining power over manufacturers, and so forth (Richardson, Jain, and Dick, 1996). Among consumers, one obvious reason for their popularity and growth is their price advantage (averaging 21%) over national brands (Batra and Sinha, 2000). Nevertheless, high quality seems to be more important in determining PLB success than lower price (Hoch and Banerji, 1993; Sethuraman, 1992). â€Å"Own† brands are articulated and developed in a way that they not only fit with the brand promise of the retail store, but if effective, they also give consumer a key point of departure to enhance and celebrate the overall retail brand proposition to keep consumers coming back for more. One of the interesting phenomena concerning PLBs is the fact that their growth has been highly uneven across product categories (Hoch and Banerji, 1993). The present study has been undertaken to gain an insight into Indian customers’ specially youth’s perception of private label brands and to explain variations in purchasing preferences for private label brands versus national label brands across three product categories. THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK 3 Meaning of Private Label Brands A private-label product is a manufactured good that a retailer purchases from a supplier, with the intention of renaming, repackaging and selling it under the distributor’s own brand name. Depending on the agreement between a manufacturer and a retailer, the manufacturer sometimes handles the packaging and labeling for the retailer for an additional charge. Otherwise, the retailer is responsible for the process of dressing up the product as its own. Thus, it can be said that Brands owned not by a manufacturer or producer but by a retailer or supplier who gets its goods made by a contract manufacturer under its own label are called private label brands. Manufacturers use either their own name, that of a middleman, or a combination of both when they are marketing their products. Private labeling occurs when middlemen, usually large retailers or wholesalers, develop their own brand. Building a following from scratch through private-label products, especially in rough economic times, is challenging because smaller retailers do not have the marketing budget compared to their larger-sized competition. Evolution of private label brands The definition of private label branding has evolved significantly over time. Some would argue the term â€Å"private label† is a misnomer of great proportions. There is no question that the words â€Å"private label† acknowledges the birth, history and existence of generic and store brands. Yet, the term does not adequately capture the extent to which private label has progressed. Todays retail marketers are managing their proprietary brands with the same combination of care and innovation as manufacturers of national brands. In recent years, retailers have been liberating themselves from the traditional definition of private label marketing as being the poor relative of national brand consumer goods, and, in doing so, opening up huge opportunities for private label branding. These opportunities require the adoption of a different set of marketing and branding practices to support and propel the retailer’s business and marketing ideals for its private label brands. The key to successful marketing management for today’s retailers is to understand the contribution and role of their proprietary or â€Å"own† brands in the long-term business strategy and marketing mix of the retail store and consider both the supply side and the demand side of the equation. Effective category management can enable retailers to solidify and optimize supplychain relationships. Strategic brand management goes hand in hand with these endeavors to establish sustainable points of difference in each aisle and segment within the store. It also spurs decisions about how to appropriately define the retailer’s â€Å"own† brand portfolio in order to galvanize consumers to connect and reconnect with its franchise in a compelling manner. Benefits of Private Label Brands Since manufacturers (producers) brands have large advertising expenditures built into their cost, a private labeler is able to buy the same goods at a lower cost and thus sell them at a lower price and/or at a better profit margin. In addition, private labelers have more control over pricing and are able to advantageously display their own brands for maximum impact. For example, a grocery store can quickly reduce the price of its own private-label brand in order to meet or beat a competitors price. Or the grocery store can create a special point-of-purchase advertising display and/or give its brand predominant shelf space in order to boost sales. Private-label brands are usually priced lower than comparable 4 manufacturers brands and therefore appeal to bargain-conscious consumers. An example of a private-label brand would be a supermarket product bearing a store label with a products name. As already mentioned, retailers like PLBs because of their potential to increase store loyalty, chain profitability, control over shelf space, bargaining power over manufacturers, and so forth (Richardson, Jain, and Dick, 1996). Among consumers, one obvious reason for their popularity and growth is their price advantage (averaging 21%) over national brands (Batra and Sinha, 2000). Previous studies related to Private Label Brands A review of previous studies related to private label brands brings forth researches carried out related to certain issues. For example researchers have found that one of the interesting phenomena concerning PLBs is the fact that their growth has been highly uneven across product categories (Hoch and Banerji, 1993). Dhar and Hoch (1997) found that by far the largest source of variation in PLB share across markets, retailers, and categories (40%) is due to the differences among product categories. Because the reasons for these intercategory differences in PLB share might shed light on the reasons for PLB growth overall, these differences are clearly worth researching in detail. Retailers will benefit by knowing better how to expand sales of their higher-margin PLBsand national brand manufacturers will benefit by knowing better how to fight PLB growth. Previous research investigating these across-category differences has looked at them mostly from the manufacturer and retailer perspectives. In studying the retailer economics of PLB programs, researchers have mostly examined factors such as the technology investments necessary, size of category, category margins, national brand advertising and promotional activity levels and so forth (Hoch and Banerji, 1993; Sethuraman, 1992). Thus, Hoch and Banerji (1993) find that PLBs have higher shares in large categories offering high margins, and where they compete against fewer national manufacturers who spend less on national advertising. The gap between national brands and PLBs in the level of quality also depends on the technology requirements in manufacturing that varies across categories (Hoch and Banerji, 1993). Research has been more limited on the consumer-level factors that make PLBs differentially successful across product categories. Some researchers studying consumer-level factors for PLB pronenesssuch as Richardson, Jain and Dick (1996)have not studied acrosscategory variations at all. They have chosen instead to aggregate data across categories. Those few studies that have looked at cross-category differences from a consumer-factor perspective have sometimes omitted important variables: Sethuraman and Cole (1997), for instance, did not measure and model the crucial effect of the level of perceived risk in the product category (Richardson, Jain, and Dick, 1996; Narasimhan and Wilcox, 1998). In this research, we focus upon these consumer-level perceptions of intercategory differences. By doing so, we hope to shed light on what has made PLBs successful overall, drawing implications both for retailers marketing PLBs as well as the national brands that compete with them. Any examination of the consumer-level factors that moderate PLB success across product categories should start with a framework to explain consumer 5 susceptibility to buying PLBs. Richardson, Jain, and Dick (1996) present what is probably the most extensive such framework offered to date. They argue that consumers propensity to purchase PLBs depends on (a) certain demographic factors, such as income, family size, age and education, (b) certain individual difference variables, such as the degree of reliance by the consumer on extrinsic cues (those more reliant on such cues preferring national brands) and the consumers tolerance of ambiguity (intolerants preferring safer national buys), and (c) certain consumer perceptions of the particular category (degree of perceived quality variation, level of perceived risk, and perceived value for money), as well as the degree of consumer knowledge about the category (greater knowledge increasing PLB choice). Note that though several of these perceptual factors ought to vary across categories (such as the degree of perceived quality variation, level of perceived risk, perceived value for money, and degree of consumer knowledge), Richardson, Jain and Dick did not study category-level variations in these factors. In their more recen t study, Sethuraman and Cole (1997) did model categorylevel variations in many of these factors. They also examined the effect on willingness to pay a price premium for a national brand of (a) several categorylevel variables, including the quality perception of PLBs, average price, purchase frequency, and the degree to which the category gives consumption pleasure, (b) individual demographics such as income, age, family size, gender and education, and (c) individual difference perceptual variables such as the belief of a price-quality relationship, perceived deal frequency, and familiarity with PLBs. However, as noted above, their list of category-level variables did not include crucial perceptions of the degree of category perceived risk. In this study, the consumer-level variables include category-specific perceptions of private label brands versus national label brands, the degree of variation in quality across brands, the factors customers consider important while purchasing private label brands in a particular product category, and consumer price-consciousness in that category. Price Consciousness, defined as the degree to which the consumer focuses exclusively on paying low prices (Lichtenstein, Ridgway, and Netemeyer, 1993, p. 235), has been found to be a predictor of PLB purchase (Burger and Schott, 1972; Rothe and Lamont, 1973). We include it here because it can logically be expected to mediate (and thus capture) the effect of several demographic and attitudinal variables for which have data, such as income, profession and so forth. Previous research has shown that a consumers level of price-consciousness rises with lower incomes (Gabor and Granger, 1979; Lumpkin, Hawes, and Darden, 1986), and is higher among deal-prone consumers (Babakus, Tat, and Cunningham, 1988) who believe less in price-quality associations (Lichtenstein, Bloch, and Black, 1988). Research has for long talked of the level of perceived risk in the category as being a crucial factor in PLB purchases (Bettman, 1974; Richardson, Jain, and Dick, 1996), though this variable has either not been studied at the individual category level (e. g. , by Richardson, Jain, and Dick, 1996), or has been omitted in some recent category-level studies (e. g. , Sethuraman and Cole 1997). Such perceived risk can be gauged using performance, financial, or social criteria (Dunn, Murphy, and Skelly, 1986). Drawing on the literature on perceived risk (e. g. , Bauer, 1967; Cox, 1967), Narasimhan and Wilcox (1998) argue 6 hat consumers will prefer national brands to PLB s if the level of perceived risk in buying the PLB in that category is seen as high. One of the determinants of such risk, according to Narasimhan and Wilcox (1998), Dunn, Murphy, and Skelly (1986), and others, is the degree of inconvenience of making a mistake. Similar conceptualizations have been offered in the extensive literature on product category involvement (e. g. , Laurent and Kapferer, 1985). Thus, purchases of certain product categories such as baby foods should clearly be seen as more risky than the purchases of others, such as most toiletries and groceries. The consequences of making a mistake for the former are obviously more severe. In addition, purchases that expose the consumer to social (reference- or peergroup) ridicule can also be high risk, even if they are of low dollar value (e. g. , certain types of clothing, or publicly consumed beverages). Livesey and Lennon (1978) argue that social risk inhibits the selection of PLBs. They find that English consumers serve national brand tea to guests, but consume less expensive store brand tea themselves. The other half of the consequences of making a mistake notion deals not with the consequences of making such a mistake, but with the likelihood of doing so. The expected value of any decision is obviously the product of its consequences times its likelihood (Dunn, Murphy, and Skelly, 1986). This suggests the important role of the perceived degree of quality variability in a categorydifferent from the perceived PLB quality levelfor it is the variability that should create greater uncertainty and doubt and create more perceived risk. Researchers such as Narasimhan and Wilcox (1998) have argued that the degree of perceived risk increases with the degree of perceived quality variation across brands in that category. Supporting this notion, Hoch and Banerji (1993) found that PLB share was lower in categories where the quality variability of store brands was high. Richardson, Jain and Dick (1996) found, in their analysis of aggregate across-category data, that perceived quality variation led to reduced perceived value-for-money of PLBs both directly and via perceived risk. This eventually led to a reduced, private-brand proneness. A third determinant of category-specific perceived risk, (Erdem and Swait, 1998), is search versus experience nature of the attributes or benefits involved. Several researchers have found, or suspected, that the nature of the product features makes a difference in PLB proneness. Thus, Bellizi et al. (1981) found that (in 1980) consumers rated national brands higher than PLBs and generics on prestige, reliability, quality, attractive packaging, taste, aroma, color, texture, appealing, tempting, purity, freshness, uniformity, familiarity, confidence in use, among others (italics added). Sethuraman and Cole (1997) found that national brands are more likely to command a price premium if they were higher on consumption pleasure (hedonic), instead of functional, though they do not offer a theoretical rationale for this result. To use the terminology of Nelson (1974), we suggest that hedonic attributes or benefits such as taste, aroma, color, texture, and so forth, share the characteristic of being experience qualities of a product instead of search qualities. Search attributes are those that can be verified before purchase through direct inspection or through readily accessible sources such as color or ingredient content. Experience attributes can be verified only by using the product (e. g. , taste). That is, consumers can easily compare the functional attributes of a 7 roduct such as ingredients used, quality standards or specifications met, and so forth, based on written or often numerically quantifiable descriptions in product packaging or other communications. Howe ver, such hedonic or experiential qualities as taste and aroma cannot be so easily quantified or described. They should thus create the potential for greater felt uncertainty and risk, nudging the consumer to prefer a known national brand to a lesser-known PLB. Prior research has established that consumers are less skeptical of search attribute claims than they are of claims involving experience attributes (Ford, Smith, and Swasy, 1990). Erdem and Swait (1998) argue that in product categories where the attributes are of this experience type (e. g. , in jeans), instead of being of the search variety (e. g. in the caloric content of a juice), a wellrespected brand will have a higher purchase probability because awareness will serve to reduce perceived risk. This idea that PLB proneness rises in categories where it is easier for consumers to compare attribute quality levels on search-type attributes has been hinted at, though not clearly articulated, in some previous research. Hoch an d Ha (1986) have argued and shown that consumers tend to utilize extrinsic cues, such as a brand name, when confronted with ambiguous attributes that lower their perceived ability to make objective, quality-comparisons across brands. Search attributes are, by definition, more unambiguous than experience attributes. McKinsey and Co. in analyzing intercategory differences in PLB marketshare in Europe (Glemet and Mira, 1993), found that categories with high PLB share were those that provided, among other characteristics, an easy comparison. PLB shares tended to be higher where consumers could, in their judgment, make quality comparisons more easily. Richardson, Jain, and Dick (1996,p. 180) also suggested that consumers may be more prone to select store brands for think type rather than feel type products, though they do not offer support for this suggestion. Thus, a review of previous studies undertaken in the area of PLBs indicates that, research has been more limited on the consume r-level factors that make PLBs differentially successful across product categories. Some researchers studying consumer-level factors for PLB proneness-such as Richardson et al. (1996) have not studied across-category variations at all. Also the effect of demographic variables on customer perception and preference for private label brands across different product categories has hardly been researched. Given the lack of studies undertaken in the area of understanding Indian customers’ attitude and perception of private label brands across product categories and the effect of demographic variables on this perception, the present study has been undertaken to gain an insight into how customers in India, specially youth, perceive and evaluate private label brands in comparison to national label brands. The findings of the study will be helpful for retailers to understand the importance of various factors in being successful with customers in the private label brands category. For manufacturers of national label brands, the insights will prove to be useful in leveraging their brands while for private label brands wanting to make their presence felt in the market, the findings will act as important guidelines in competing successfully with national label brands. OBJECTIVES OF THE PRESENT STUDY 8 The present study has been undertaken to understand the perception of Indian youth towards private label brands in Indian Retail and the importance they attach to such brands while making purchases. In particular, the research focuses on: 1. Finding out customer understanding/perception of private label brands. 2. Finding out their overall preference of private versus national brands while purchasing. 3. Finding out customers’ frequency of purchase of private versus national brands for different categories of products. 4. Customer satisfaction with private label brands. 5. Identifying important factors affecting customer’s decision to purchase private label brands in different categories of products. RESEARCH DESIGN The research was conducted in the northern part of India. The tool employed for generating responses was questionnaire based survey of customers with respect to their perception and opinion towards private versus national label brands across various factors. These factors were identified from various studies undertaken in this area in the past (Sethuraman and Cole (1997); Lichtenstein, Ridgway, and Netemeyer, (1993); Burger and Schott, (1972); Rothe and Lamont, (1973); Gabor and Granger, (1979); Lumpkin, Hawes, and Darden, (1986)) and on the basis of the information collected through focus group discussions. Focused Group Discussions (FGD) were conducted which provided information and understanding of the major factors and aspects associated with customers’ preference for private or national label brands. Pilot testing of the questionnaire was done on a group of fifty respondents. Unwanted and ambiguous questions were removed and some new alternatives were introduced in the questionnaire after conducting reliability analysis. This whole exercise helped in framing the questions for the final questionnaire and also helped in streamlining the information needed to conduct this research. Given the importance of age as one of the factors identified by Grundey (2006) in understanding the attachment and loyalty with a brand, age has been taken as the criterion variable in selecting the sample for the study with major concentration in the age group of 20 to 40 years. Thus, the sampling procedure adopted was quota sampling in which the relevant control characteristic was age on the basis of which quotas were formed. The respondents were selected conveniently and the information was collected through a questionnaire using the personal interview method of data collection. Only primary data was used in the research, which was obtained from the questionnaire. Likert scale was used to gain an understanding of evaluation of consumers regarding factors denoting different attributes associated with private or national label brands. RELIABILITY AND VALIDITY The first draft of the questionnaire was reviewed by two professional scholars in related fields. The contents of the draft were reviewed and revisions were suggested. The questionnaire used in the study thus qualified for expert validity. The results of the pilot test were incorporated and expert validity ensured. The pilot test for the questionnaire was conducted on a sample of 50 customers. Reliability analysis was conducted on all the 50 responses. The present study had adopted internal consistency analysis to conduct reliability testing. Cronbach’s ? came out to be 0. 699. The value indicated that reliability of the scale of measurement was significantly high. For 9 the complete study, 400 responses were generated using the pilot tested questionnaire, but only 344 completely filled questionnaires were retrieved. The reliability of the completely filled questionnaires was tested using the internal consistency method wherein the value of Cronbach’s alpha came out to be 0. 706. The profile of the respondents for the present study has been tabulated below in table 1. Refer Table 1) For convenience of display and analysis purposes, various items/values of the demographic variable Profession have been abbreviated as shown in table 2. (Refer Table 2) RESEARCH FINDINGS AND ANALYSIS Customer understanding/perception of private label brands Before formulating its business strategy it is important for a company to gain an insight into customers’ understanding and perception about a particular thing. Thus, in order to formulate strategies related to private label brands retail companies need to have clear idea about what customers’ understand by the term private label brands. Analysis of findings related to this aspect has been tabulated below in table 3. As can be seen from the table, 66. % of the respondents perceive private label brands to be goods that are outsourced from other companies (mainly local) and sold under the retailer’s name while 33. 1% of the respondents perceive private label brands to be goods which are manufactured by retailers selling them. (Refer Table 3) Customers’ preference for private label brands In order to find out the preference of overall customers towards private label brands, the respondents were asked to specify their preference for private label brands vis-a-vis national level br ands in retail outlets. As can be seen from table 4, 43. 3% of the respondents prefer private label brand while 56. 7% of the respondents prefer national level brands. Thus, it can be seen that there is not a major difference in the preference of customers for private label brands vis-avis national level brands. A review of previous studies brought forth the importance of age and profession in influencing customers’ attitude, perception and preferences. Thus, in order to find out if age or profession influence the preference pattern of customers, Kruskal-Wallis Test of Equality of Mean was administered with age and profession as the grouping variables and the preference responses of the respondents as the test variables. Significance was seen at 5% or 10% level of significance. (Refer Table 4) a) Effect of age on preference The significance of Kruskal-Wallis Test with age as the grouping variable came out to be 0. 12 which shows that age is highly significant in affecting the preferences of customers towards private/national level brands and that the preference differs in different age groups. The preference of customers for private/national level brands according to different age groups, has been given in table 5. If we consider the age groups to corresponds to two major groups that is 40 and call it younger generation and older generation respectively, it is clearly evident from the table that the younger generation has a clear cut preference for national level brands vis-avis private level brands while the preference pattern is opposite in the case of older generation. Refer Table 5 ) b) Effect of profession on preference The significance of Kruskal-Wallis Test with profession as the grouping variable 10 came out to be 0. 013 which shows that profession is highly significant in affecting the preferences of customers towards private/national level brands and that the preference differs in different profession. The preference of customers for private/national level brands according to different profession has been given in table 6 which shows people employed in government sector and also those who are retired prefers private labels more than the national level brands on a general basis. The least preference is being sown by people employed in privte sector or are professionals. Refer Table 6 ) Customers’ frequency of purchase of private label brands with respect to different product categories In order to find out customer preference for private label brands vis-a-vis national label brands in different product categories, Kendall’s W test was administered on the responses. The findings as shown in table 7, clearly depicted that based on the frequency of purchase of private label brands, grocery products topped the list followed by apparels/footwear and electronic goods. (Refer Table 7 ) The frequency of purchase of private label brands in different categories of products by customers is given in table 8. (Refer Table 8) As can be seen from table 8, approx. 39% of the respondents purchase private label brands in the grocery section fairly often to always while this percentage is the lowest i. e. approx. 31% in the case of electronic goods. ) Effect of age on frequency of purchase of private label brands visa-vis national label brands In order to find out if age has any effect on customers’ frequency of purchasing private label brands as opposed to national label brands, Kruskal Wallis Test of Equality of Mean was administered with age as the grouping variable and the responses of the respondents as the test variable. The results of the test indicated that age is significant (Asymp. Sig. = 0. 024) in affecting customers’ frequency of purchase of private label brands vis-a-vis national label brands only in respect of electronic goods. In respect of frequency of purchase of private label brands in groceries and apparels/footwear, age was not found to be having a significant effect (since the value of Asymp. Sig. came out to be 0. 622 and 0. 229 respectively). Since age was found to be having a significant effect on the frequency of purchase of private label brands only in respect of electronic goods, only findings corresponding to the effect of age on purchase pattern for electronic goods have been tabulated in table 9. (ReferTable 9) As can be seen from table 9, customers in the age group 51-60 show the maximum propensity to purchase private label brands in electronic goods fairly often while customers in the age group 41-50 show the least propensity. In the younger age group, 24%, 8. 93% and 8. 33% of customers in the age group 60. The least level of satisfaction with private label brands in electronic goods is found among customers in the age group 20-30. Thus, overall it can be said that there is a higher 12 level of satisfaction with private label brands in electronic goods category among the older generation in comparison to the younger generation. ) Effect of profession on customer satisfaction level with private label brands in di fferent categories of products Kruskal Wallis Test of Equality of Mean was administered with profession as the grouping variable and the responses of the respondents as the test variable in order to find out if profession has an effect on customers’ satisfaction level with private label brands in respect of different categories of products. Analysis of findings clearly indicates that profession significantly affects the satisfaction level of customers with private label brands in respect of all the three product categories since the value of Asymp. Sig. came out to be 0. 049, 0. 011 and 0. 001 for groceries, apparels/footwear and electronic goods respectively. Satisfaction level of customers belonging to different categories of profession in respect of private label brands in different categories of products has been given in table 14. Refer Table 14 here) As can be seen from table 14, in respect of groceries the highest percentage of customers who are more satisfied with pri vate label brands are retired followed by housewives, while the least percentage of customers satisfied with private label brands in this category are professionals. In the category of apparels / footwear, the highest percentage of customers who are satisfied with private label brands are professionals while the least percentage of customers satisfied with private label brands in this category are retired and self – employed customers. For electronic goods, the highest percentage of customers satisfied with private label brands in this category are retired customers followed by housewives. The least percentage of customers who are satisfied with private label brands in the category of electronic goods belong to the profession – employed in private sector. Importance of various parameters on customers’ choice of private label brands vis-a-vis national label brands In order to find out the relative importance that customers attach to different attributes while purchasing private label brands over national label brands in the three different product categories – groceries, apparels/food and electronic goods, Kendall’s W test was administered separately on customers’ responses in respect of ten attributes for each of the three product categories. The results of the test are tabulated in table 15. (Insert Table 15 here) As can be seen from table 15, the value of Kendall’s W came out to be . 081, . 088 and . 82 for groceries, apparels/footwear and electronic goods respectively, which indicates that there is agreement across customers in the ordering of different attributes. The values are significant at 95% significance level with the asymptotic significance value coming out to be . 000 for each product ca tegory. Table 15 also gives the mean rank of various attributes as considered to be important by customers in purchasing private label brands in different product categories. Findings indicate that customers attach maximum importance to freshness and price while choosing private label brands in grocery items while least importance is attached to sales team/salesperson who is attending to the customers. On further studying table 15, it can be seen that the customers attach maximum importance to price and schemes/discount in case of private label brands in the category of apparels and footwear. The customers attach least importance to sales team present on the floor and color of the apparels. 13 While analyzing the results for electronic items (table 15) offered under private label brands, price and after sales service stand out from the rest of the attributes studied followed by warranty/guaranty and schemes/discount associated with the product. It can be seen again that the attributes with the lowest importance are sales team present on the floor along with added/extra features offered. This is quite understandable since the customers who are buying private label products in the electronic section evaluate these goods with the branded products available in the same category based on price. To some extent, customers are accepting the fact that the quality of private label electronic goods does not exhibit the same level of quality as can be expected out of a branded product and accordingly quality has been ranked as last but third item in the ranking. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS In this study, we examined how Indian customers’ specially youth perceive private label brands in three product categories in comparison to national label brands. Although intercategory differences have been cited as the most important source of variation in PLB share across markets, retailers and categories (Dhar and Hoch, 1996), little prior consumer-level research has thus far been done to explain these crucial variations. The present study offers an insight into customer’s perception and satisfaction with private label brands across three product categories. In attempting to explain intercategory variations in customer perception of private label brands, the effect of age and profession has been taken into consideration. The findings of the study can be useful to retailers in formulating strategies to make products other than the national branded ones acceptable in the market. An analysis of perception and satisfaction with private label brands can furthermore help retailers in developing stronger store/private label brands and in increasing their presence and acceptance in the market. The Indian retail industry is growing with every passing day. Though highly lucrative, there is stiff competition in the market among organized and unorganized retailing with both branded and unbranded products manufacturers vying for a share in the pie. The findings of the present study provide important insights to all private label manufactures in India to increase their foothold and successfully compete in the Indian retail market. Understanding customers in terms of what they expect/associate with a private label brands vis-a-vis national brands is quite important from the view point of making these brands acceptable in the market. Customer loyalty has become a very fickle term in today’s highly competitive and volatile market. Customers may prefer one brand over another or might be loyal towards none of the brands as long as they feel that their expectations are being satisfied and they are getting good value for money irrespective of the brand they are purchasing. The findings of the study clearly bring forth the importance of pricing (table 15) as an attribute in influencing customers’ acceptance of private label brands. This is so because today’s customers are smart enough to understand that since they are not buying branded products so they need not pay premium. Thus, a difference in pricing is desired and companies needs to fine tune and concentrate more on their supply chain and logistics to bring down costs associated with various products which they can pass on to customers in the form of reduced prices in turn leading to increase in customer satisfaction and acceptance of private labels. This is quite acceptable and understandable in an emerging economy like India where masses are not very brand/fashion savvy/centric but pay more attention to 14 better bargains and value for money in every purchase that they make. Thus, schemes/discounts are also considered to be important by customers in purchasing private label brands in groceries as can be seen from table 15. This brings forth clear insights for private labelers and sensitizes them to the fact that though price is one of the most important factor but customers also connect themselves and eagerly purchase those products as well which are offered in bundling or are given at a discount. This leads to another insight that it is not always beneficial to project differential pricing for your private label brands rather for the same amount of price if you provide bundling with complementary products, they will be able to attract more customers. Infact, the private labelers can take a step further and start bundling non-consumable/nonperishable products along with grocery items so that the level of customer satisfaction which is lower for grocery items can be increased. Indian customers are value-conscious and increased awareness and exposure with more choices has made them conscious of their power of bargaining and capability of extracting maximum worth from everything they pay for. Retailers also need to understand that range and quality of products offered does play a role among value for money segment of customer as high quality is generally perceived to be synonymous with durability by customers. Indian customers are value-conscious and though increased awareness and exposure has made them keen on keeping pace with changing trends in society and fashion but they are still more interested in products which fit them better along with giving them unique recognition with comfort and quality at affordable prices. This is easily discernable from the findings of the present study (table 7 and 9), which indicate that age is not a significant factor in affecting preference in apparels/footwear category. A major opportunity exists for private label brands in this category. Customers, specifically young ones (students) are more interested in changing their attire with the changing fashion and to afford such luxury they need a range of clothes which are both cheap and trendy along with some quality. Marketers should not forget that India is a young country and these young Indians believe in building their own fashion statement based on their comfort and fitting rather than adopting what is displayed on the shelves and in advertisements. This is one of the reasons unbranded/local shops in Fashion Street in Bombay, Sarojni Nagar market in Delhi and the likes are still flourishing even though big names have had their presence in India for quite some years now. While analyzing the preference of customers with regard to electronic goods under private label brands, it is quite important for the retailers to take note of the fact that quality has been ranked as the 8th factor (table 15) meaning thereby that customers have accepted that the quality of the product of a private label brand would not match with that of the national level brand and that is another reason why price has been ranked as the top most factor which accordingly they expect to be low for private label brands. Customers have ranked electronic goods as the lowest in terms of satisfaction (table 11) which clearly indicates that though they are buying the private label brands in electronic goods category because of the price differential but their satisfaction in terms of services extracted out of the product is quite low. This can be viewed as an opportunity by private label brand retailers as by improving the quality even a little bit, specifically for the basic service for which the product has been made and by not paying unnecessary attention on extra features, can go a long way in increasing the satisfaction of the customers and in turn establishing 15 themselves in the electronics market as well. While analyzing the preference of private versus national level brands with respect to the profession of the customers, retailers need to target the students and house wife segments (table 6) where opportunity exists as difference in preferences are not quite high. Moreover, both these segments are price conscious and fast product changers, so a little bit of effort in these two segments with respect to increase in trendiness and quality of the product can help boost preference for private label brands. Findings related to factors considered to be important by customers across different product categories in purchasing private label brands can help retailers in taking steps to improve their private label products along these parameters. These steps would enable private label products to become more acceptable and preferable in the eyes of customers. Thus, in conclusion it can be said that if private label manufacturers can consistently provide value to customers on factors rated high by customers and even if it is low on status symbol, there is a high possibility for them to establish these brands as acceptable in the minds of customers and to improve customers’’ perception regarding the same. Though this perception may not be as high as a branded product enjoys but it could still become high enough for retailers to increase the sales of these brands and thereby raise their profit margin considerably. 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Education 3. 8% 1-40 17. 4% Female 50. 6% 41-50 5. 8% 51-60 3. 8% Post graduate 28. 8% Marital status Intermediate Graduate 6. 1% Employed Employed in Student in private government Profession sector sector 57. 8% 13. 1% 9. 0% Household avg. monthly income Family size 1 1. 5% 2 4. 7% Single 68. 2% 15K 15. 4% 3 16. 0% Newly married 9. 3% Life cycle stage 37. 2% Professional Self (Doctor, Employed Lawyer etc. ) 5. 2 % 7. 8% 3000115001-30K 45K 34. 6% 26. 5% 4 5 37. 2% 26. 2% Married Married (children (youngest between 6 child 6 18 years) years) 6. 4% 6. 1% 60 0. 6% Single Married 62. 8% 37. 2% Professional course 24. 1% Housewife 6. 4% 45001-60K 14. % 6 9. 9% Married (employed children) 8. 1% Retired 0. 6% above 60K 8. 7% 7 4. 1% Married (no children) 1. 2% Table 2: Abbreviation table Abbreviations and their meaning for the demographic variable â€Å"Profession† Student Abbreviated as S Employed in private sector Abbreviated as EInPS Employed in government sector Abbreviated as EInGS Professional (doctor, lawyer) Abbreviated as P Self employed Abbreviated as SE House wife Abbreviated as HW Retired Abbreviated as R 19 Table 3: Customers’ understanding of private label brands Valid Frequency Percent Percent Frequencies for perception Outsourced locally 230 66. 9 66. 9 manufactured by 114 33. 1 33. retailer Total 344 100. 0 100. 0 Cumulative Percent 66. 9 100. 0 Table 4: Customer preference of private label brands vis-a-vis national label brands Cumulative Frequencies for Frequency Percent Valid Percent Percent Preference Valid private label 149 43. 3 43. 3 43. 3 national label 195 56. 7 56. 7 100. 0 Total 344 100. 0 100. 0 Table 5: Customer preference for private label brands on the basis of age Crosstab Prefer * Age Age 60 Total % private within 32. 0% 42. 0% 48. 3% 70. 0% 15. 4% 100. 0% 43. 3% label age Prefer % national within 68. 0% 58. 0% 51. 7% 30. 0% 84. 6% . 0% 56. 7% label age Total 100. 0% 100. 0% 100. 0% 100. 0% 100. 0% 100. 0% 100. % Table 6: Customer preference for private label brands on the basis of profession Crosstab Prefer * Profession prefer Profession S EInPS EInGS P SE HW R Tot Total private % within 42. 7% 31. 1% 71. 0% 33. 3% 37. 0% 45. 5% 100. 0% 43. 3 label profession national % within 57. 3% 68. 9% 29. 0% 66. 7% 63. 0% 54. 5% . 0% 56. 7 label profession % within 100. 0% 100. 0% 100. 0% 100. 0% 100. 0% 100. 0% 100. 0% 100. professio n 20 Table 7: Ranking of various categories of products in terms of customer frequency of purchase of private label brands Ranks Grocery Apparel/footwear Electronic goods Mean Rank 2. 13 2. 02 1. 85 Test Statistics N Kendalls W(a) Chi-Square Df Asymp. Sig. 344 . 024 16. 306 2 . 000 a Kendalls Coefficient of Concordance Table 8: Frequency of purchase of rivate label brands in different product categories by customers Frequencies Grocery Apparel/footwear Electronic goods never 19. 5% 11. 0% 17. 7% Percentage fairly seldom occasionally often 15. 4% 26. 2% 18. 6% 28. 8% 27. 3% 21. 8% 27. 0% 24. 1% 22. 1% always 20. 3% 11. 0% 9. 0% Total 100. 0% 100. 0% 100. 0% Table 9: Frequency of purchase of private label brands in electronic goods by customers on the basis of age Crosstab Age 60 Tota % within age never 16. 00% 17. 41% 18. 33% 25. 00% 15. 38% 0. 00% 17 seldom 20. 00% 25. 89% 21. 67% 60. 00% 23. 08% 100. 00% 27 electronic goods occasionally 24. 00% 25. 45% 30. 00% 10. 00% 0. 00% 0. 00% 24 fairly often 16. 00% 22. 32% 21. 67% 5. 00% 61. 54% 0. 00% 22 always 24. 00% 8. 93% 8. 33% 0. 00% 0. 00% 0. 0% 9 Total 100. 00% 100. 00% 100. 00% 100. 00% 100. 00% 100. 00% 100 Table 10: Frequency of purchase of private label brands in different product categories by customers on the basis of profession Crosstab S EInPS EInGS % within Profession never 27. 1% 13. 3% 12. 9% seldom 15. 1% 13. 3% 6. 5% grocery occasionally 27. 1% 13. 3% 9. 7% fairly often 13. 6% 11. 1% 41. 9% always 17. 1% 48. 9% 29. 0% Total 100. 0% 100. 0% 100. 0% apparel/ footwear never seldom 14. 6% 28. 1% 17. 8% 26. 7% . 0% 25. 8% Profession P SE HW R 11. 1% . 0% 4. 5% . 0% . 0% 25. 9% 36. 4% . 0% 66. 7% 14. 8% 40. 9% 100. 0% 22. 2% 40. 7% 18. 2% . 0% . 0% 18. 5% . 0% . 0% 100. 0% 100. % 100. 0% 100. 0% . 0% . 0% . 0% 40. 7% 4. 5% 54. 5% 21 .0% . 0% occasionally fairly often always Total 24. 6% 26. 7% 45. 2% 33. 3% 23. 1% 22. 2% 3. 2% 44. 4% 9. 5% 6. 7% 25. 8% 22. 2% 100. 0% 100. 0% 100. 0% 100. 0% 14. 8% 33. 3 % 11. 1% 100. 0% 37. 0% 18. 5% 33. 3% 3. 7% 7. 4% 100. 0% 31. 8% 100. 0% 4. 5% . 0% 4. 5% . 0% 100. 0% 100. 0% 22. 7% . 0% 31. 8% 100. 0% 18. 2% . 0% 22. 7% . 0% 4. 5% . 0% 100. 0% 100. 0% never 19. 1% 13. 3% 6. 5% . 0% seldom 21. 1% 46. 7% 32. 3% 33. 3% electronic goods occasionally 26. 6% 22. 2% 16. 1% 11. 1% fairly often 21. 6% 15. 6% 35. 5% 50. 0% always 11. 6% 2. 2% 9. 7% 5. 6% Total 100. 0% 100. 0% 100. 0% 100. 0% Table 11: Ranking of various categories of products in terms of customer satisfaction level with purchase of private label brands Mean Rank Ranks Test Statistics grocery 2. 09 N 344 Apparels/footwear 1. 98 Kendalls W(a) . 012 electronic goods 1. 92 Chi-Square 8. 424 Df 2 Asymp. Sig. .015 a Kendalls Coefficient of Concordance Table 12: Customers’ satisfaction level with private label brands in different product categories highly dissatisfied dissatisfied satisfied highly satisfied Total Frequencies grocery 7. 27% 15. 70% 70. 93% 6. 10% 100. 0% apparel/footwear 3. 49% 29. 94% 49. 13% 17. 44% 100. 0 electronic goods 6. 69% 34. 01% 46. 51% 12. 79% 100. 0 Table 13: Customer satisfaction level with private label brands in electronic goods on the basis of age Crosstab: Items * Age 60 Total S EInPS EInGS P Profession SE HW R grocery Total highly dissatisfied dissatisfied satisfied highly satisfied highly dissatisfied dissatisfied satisfied highly satisfied 9. 5% 4. 4% 3. 2% . 0% 7. 4% 4. 5% . 0 18. 1% 2. 2% 9. 7% 50. 0% 14. 8% 4. 5% . 0 65. 8% 86. 7% 87. 1% 44. 4% 63. 0% 90. 9% 100. 0 6. 5% 6. 7% . 0% 5. 6% 14. 8% . 0% . 0 100. 0% 100. 0% 100. 0% 100. 0% 100. 0% 100. 0% 100. 0 3. 0% 2. 2% . 0% 5. 6% 14. 8% . 0% . 0 29. 6% 24. 4% 29. 0% 22. 2% 33. 3% 40. 9% 100. 0 49. 7% 46. 7% 38. 7% 55. 6% 51. 9% 59. 1% . 0 17. 6% 26. 7% 32. 3% 16. 7% . 0% . 0% . 0 100. 0% 100. 0% 100. 0% 100. 0% 100. 0% 100. 0% 100. 0 apparel/ footwear Total highly dissatisfied 7. 0% 11. % 3. 2% 5. 6% 7. 4% . 0% . 0 dissatisfied 36. 7% 44. 4% 19. 4% 38. 9% 33. 3% 9. 1% . 0 electronic goods satisfied 47. 2% 26. 7% 54. 8% 55. 6% 44. 4% 59. 1% 100. 0 highly satisfied 9. 0% 17. 8% 22. 6% . 0% 14. 8% 31. 8% . 0 Total 100. 0% 100. 0% 100. 0% 100. 0% 100. 0% 100. 0% 100. 0 23 Table 15: Importance/ranking of attributes in pu rchase of private label brands in different product categories Grocery Attributes Rank freshness/expiry 6. 80 price 6. 68 schemes/discounts 5. 84 range of product 5. 35 quality 5. 35 after sales service 5. 22 warranty/guaranty 5. 21 quantity 5. 11 brand 4. 72 sales team 4. 71 Apparels/Footwear Attributes Rank price 6. 5 schemes/discounts 6. 24 range of product 5. 79 quality 5. 53 warranty/guaranty 5. 52 freshness/design 5. 50 brand 5. 47 after sales service 5. 08 sales team 4. 68 Quantity/colour 4. 23 344 . 088 272. 049 9 . 000 Electronic goods Attributes Rank price 6. 42 after sales service 6. 30 warranty/guaranty 6. 26 schemes/discounts 5. 75 range of product 5. 36 brand 5. 32 freshness/look 5. 26 quality 5. 10 sales team 5. 05 added features 4. 17 N Kendalls W(a) Chi-Square Df Asymp. Sig. 344 . 082 253. 706 9 . 000 N 344 N Kendalls W(a) . 081 Kendalls W(a) Chi-Square 249. 302 Chi-Square Df 9 Df Asymp. Sig. .000 Asymp. Sig. a Kendall’s Coefficient of Concordance 24