Hip Hop Is Corrupting Our Youth

Do Guns Provide Safety? At What Cost? I am one of many Americans who believe that guns protect families. People who own firearms are supposed to be responsible and liable. There is controversy about whether gun possession really heightens personal safety and to what degree does gun violence factor in increased medical expenses. If less gun-related issues can come to a cease, than I believe health care cost would decrease sufficiently. I believe that people should have the right to bear arms in their home. I want to protect myself and my family from possible danger.The gun should have a trigger lock on the weapon and a lock on the box, in which the gun is stored. However, the presence of this weapon has resulted in accidental injury, suicide, homicide, and domestic violence (p315). According to this article, the presence of a firearm in the home reportedly results in death or injury to household members or visitors over 12 times more often than to an intruder (p315). This report has s omewhat influenced my initial thoughts about guns to be more hazard to my own family than to an intruder. Do guns make others safe?I don’t feel that we are safe at all from police or security guards. Trayvon Martin’s case is a prime example of a gun being used at the wrong time. If a person is armed with a weapon, most likely they are willing to use it. Although, Trayvon was in some sort of conflict with the security, if the officer were unarmed, then the death of Trayvon wouldn’t be an issue. Also, there seems to be a growing trend among mass shootings in America. The most memorable shooting was the attack on Virginia Tech in 2007. 2 students killed 32 individuals and wounded 24, then committed suicide.Targeting mass crowds seems to be more popular and carried out by copy cats. Most recently, a man starting shooting people in a crowded movie theater, during the premiere of Batman, which killed several people and injury dozens because he knew he could get attent ion. It is tragedies like these which cause controversy, awareness and anger. Lastly, the overall economic cost due to gun violence in America, including health care is about $100 billion per year (p316). Taxpayers often bear a large percentage of these financial burdens; thus this matter is a hot political topic in the presidential campaign.I agree that the gun laws should be reviewed and revised. Guns are dangerous yet are protective. Guns should be used by authorities only to prevent accidental deaths or injuries. If we can get that under control, then healthcare cost should drop. In conclusion, guns are controversial to some people and many politicians. Americans are at a crossroad with gun laws because most of us want to protect our families. Household firearm ownership is associated with elevated rates of shooting oneself, accidently shootings and domestic violence. We need to limit the ways we can purchase guns and accessories.

Emerging issues Essay

Jfracking consumer behavior is critical for a marketing department of any company that creates products for the public. Depending on the type of item being sold, different behaviors will be exhibited by most consumers. A more expensive item that has many differences between the brands will cause a different behavior than an inexpensive item that is purchased all the time. Understanding these differences can spell the difference between a successful product campaign and an unsuccessful one. if the company fails to track their customers successfully theracking consumer behavior is critical for a marketing department of any company that creates products for the public. Depending on the type of item being sold, different behaviors will be exhibited by most consumers. A more expensive item that has many differences between the brands will cause a different behavior than an inexpensive item that is purchased all the time. Understanding these differences can spell the difference between a successful product campaign and an unsuccessful one. if the company fails to track their customers successfully theracking consumer behavior is critical for a marketing department of any company that creates products for the public. Depending on the type of item being sold, different behaviors will be exhibited by most consumers. A more expensive item that has many differences between the brands will cause a different behavior than an inexpensive item that is purchased all the time. Understanding these differences can spell the  difference between a successful product campaign and an unsuccessful one. if the company fails to track their customers successfully theracking consumer behavior is critical for a marketing department of any company that creates products for the public. Depending on the type of item being sold, different behaviors will be exhibited by most consumers. A more expensive item that has many differences between the brands will cause a different behavior than an inexpensive item that is purchased all the time. Understanding these differences can spell the difference between a successful product campaign and an unsuccessful one. if the company fails to track their customers successfully the

9/11 Terrorism Attacks Essay Example for Free

9/11 Terrorism Attacks Essay ? After the September 11 World Trade Center Attacks, America had had second thoughts about their immigration law. On September 11, 2001, four commercial planes were hijacked in the US. Using the planes as bombs, the hijackers flew two into the World Trade Center in New York City; one was flown into the Pentagon in Washington DC, and the fourth crashed in Pennsylvania. Over 6,000 people were killed, most when the World Trade Center collapsed. The FAA immediately grounded all US planes to prevent further attacks. The 19 men who hijacked the planes were foreigners who had been in the US from a week to several years. At least 16 entered at US ports of entry, with student or tourist visas; some of their visas appear to have expired before September 11, 2001. About 40 percent of the 8. 5 million unauthorized foreigners in the US similarly entered with seemingly valid visas, but did not abide by the terms of their visa by e. g. departing within 90 days. (Martin & Martin, October 2001) Our enemies have repeatedly exercised this option of inserting terrorists by exploiting weaknesses in our immigration system. A Center for Immigration Studies analysis of the immigration histories of the 48 foreign-born Al-Qaeda operatives who committed crimes in the United States from 1993 to 2001 (including the 9/11 hijackers) found that nearly every element of the immigration system has been penetrated by the enemy. (Camarota, 2002) Of the 48, one-third were here on various temporary visas, another third were legal residents or naturalized citizens, one-fourth were illegal aliens, and the remainder had pending asylum applications. Nearly half of the total had, at some point or another, violated existing immigration laws. 9/11 was not the only terrorist plot to benefit from lax enforcement of ordinary immigration controls—every major Al-Qaeda attack or conspiracy in the United States has involved at least one terrorist who violated immigration law. Gazi Ibrahim Abu Mezer, for example, who was part of the plot to bomb the Brooklyn subway, was actually caught three times by the Border Patrol trying to sneak in from Canada. The third time the Canadians would not take him back. What did we do? Because of a lack of detention space, he was simply released into the country and told to show up for his deportation hearing. After all, with so many millions of illegal aliens here already, how much harm could one more do? Another example is Mohammed Salameh, who rented the truck in the first World Trade Center bombing. He should never have been granted a visa in the first place. When he applied for a tourist visa he was young, single, and had no income and, in the event, did indeed end up remaining illegally. And when his application for a green card under the 1986 illegal-alien amnesty was rejected, there was (and remains today) no way to detain and remove rejected green-card applicants, so he simply remained living and working in the United States, none the worse for wear. (Krikorian, 2004) Immigration Changes According to Daniel T. Griswold (2002) â€Å"We should not allow the war on terrorism to be hijacked by those who would turn it into a war on immigration. Members of the Immigration Reform Caucus and writers in National Review have tried to hitch their anti-immigration agenda to legitimate concerns about border security in our post-9-11 world. But â€Å"border control† and immigration are two separate issues. The problem is not that we are letting too many people in but that the federal government has not been doing enough to keep the wrong people out† Philips and Susan Martin stressed that The federal government immediately made some immigration changes in response to the terrorist attack, such as holding foreigners who violate immigration laws 48 hours without charge, up from 24 hours. But the Bush administration is seeking more immigration changes, and the new Homeland Security Council, with 100 staff members comparable in size to the National Security Council staff, is likely to suggest even more as the 46 federal agencies whose work it coordinates to fight terrorism review the processes of issuing visas to foreigners, controlling their entry into the US, and ensuring that they abide by the terms of their visas inside the US. Immigration policy reforms can not prevent terrorism, but they are a key part of any effort to combat terrorism. Immigration policies aim to facilitate the entry of wanted foreigners, and to identify and deter the entry of terrorists and other unwanted foreigners. This paper outlines the immigration reforms that could help prevent the entry of future terrorists. It would be unfair and self-destructive to blame America’s immigration policy for what happened on September 11. Immigrants come to live and work and build a better life for themselves and their families. The terrorists did not come here as immigrants. They entered the country on temporary non-immigrant tourist and student visas. They didn’t apply to the INS for green cards or any other kind of permanent status. Immigrants are only a small subset of the much larger pool of 30 million foreign nationals who enter the United States in a typical year. More than 95 percent enter as tourists or business travelers. Only 3 percent, or about one million, enter to immigrate, that is, to settle here permanently. We could reduce immigration to zero and it would do nothing for our national security. (Griswold, 2002) 9/11 Terrorism Attacks. (2017, May 03).

Societal Benchmark in Advanced Practice Nursing Essay

Societal Benchmark in Advanced Practice Nursing - Essay Example remains a general consensus that the real credit for the evolution and practical implementation of APN History of Advanced Practice Nurse goes to the American Civil War 1861. That was when the APN implementation began processing and started developing (Keeling & Biglee, 2009). However, CRNA did not get introduced easily and the process did not go smooth because certain barriers regarding legislation cropped up during the early 1900’s. The nursing staff everywhere was not easily granted rights to administer anesthesia because such rights were questioned by the medical profession. People in the medical profession objected on grounds that the concept of nurses administering anesthesia would imply that they are practicing out of their scope which would not present a very nice image (Keeling & Biglee, 2009). Therefore, legislation in Kentucky (Frank VS South) nurses needed to be licensed to administer anesthesia. With time, things started developing and in 1931 foundation for the A merican Association of Nurse Anesthetist (AANA) was laid and 1945 the mandatory certification for CNRA’s got established which changed circumstances phenomenally (Ray, 2005). Other factors also assisted in the development like there were no professional nurses at that time and catholic sisters served as nurses. Also during the 20th century, the increase in immigration and trends toward industrialization and urbanization contributed significantly in refining the image of APN role in the healthcare system with the result that other nursing specialties emerged. The approach of the Nurse Practitioner was such that primary care was provided to the poverty stricken immigrants during World War II so that more worthwhile opportunities got revealed to benefit NP (Keeling & Biglee, 2009). This approach proved to be effective as when physicians had too much on their plates and were too busy to care for all the wounded, the NPs were granted the right to go beyond the realm of caring and handle other

Evaluate the differences in social relationships on the Internet and Essay

Evaluate the differences in social relationships on the Internet and conventional, face to face relationships - Essay Example ome of interested observers on the same influential nature of internet on the social life of the society have noted that the influential, and the heavy use of the internet may be alienated from the usual social contact. Additionally, they claimed that the internet use may as well predominant the society’s social lives. Although there are numerous, yet partially unknown, negative effects of the internet relationships, there are two main factors for consideration. Considerably, the internet relationship has adversely displaced some of the vital social activities, especially among the communities and individuals who have intensively indulged into the internet as their sure means of communication. In most cases, persons spend a lot of time online interacting that incapacitates them from face to face interaction or activities. Moreover, the internet is an effective venture of displacing the ever known strong ties that had ever been built by face-to-face interactions. It worth notin g that the relationship that has been built out of the internet interactions are of low quality compared to the quality of face to face relationships. Therefore, intensively concentration on the online or the internet relationships weakens or replaces the strength of the face-to-face relationship. Some scholars have proposed that proper use of the internet is actually associated with deterioration of an individual. The use of the internet is blamed of diminishing of an individuals’ social circle; thus, leading to such individuals to depression and high rate of loneliness (Gross et al 75). In the case, of one on one or face to face relationship, an individual may as well get engaged by the other party present in his or her life; thus, breaking any kind of loneliness in either poor or acceptable ways. However, the internet relationship or interactions may be as well beneficial and productive only if such interactions and relationships are kept at their normal navels. Nonetheless, the

Emergency Response and Promoting Safety Research Paper

Emergency Response and Promoting Safety - Research Paper Example An emergency action plan is crucial because it reduces the number of casualties of a particular emergency. In this case, the severity of injuries is also reduced considerably. The plan also enhances swift evacuation of people and property, which is under threat. The response to an emergency helps calm down an overwrought situation to avoid further havoc. The innovative methods used to keep workers safe and healthy includes training on the response to emergencies. The other method used is continuous evaluation of the emergency plan instituted to grasp the strategies applied during the emergencies. The company can also offer to train the employees on the usage of workplace machines and equipment to reduce the probability of an accident. The methods are useful in a construction company in the sense that they ensure that they enable the employees to take precautions while working. According to Goetsch (2010), a construction company is prone to many risks including falling objects. The methods will ensure that the employees are aware of the guidelines for emergencies and the response actions required. The training carried out ensures that the team promptly responds to an emergency. Training also equips the workforce with proficient skills on safety and health standards. Safety in a construction company is important because machines do most of the construction activities. For that reason, there are high chances of machine accidents owing to power failure, machine faultiness, and employee carelessness. Incentive programs can be employed in a construction company in a bid to promote the safety of the employees (Goetsch, 2010). Incentive programs ensure that employees who complete their tasks without any injury receive rewards. The initiative will ensure that all construction employees work towards minimizing accidents.  

Indian Tribes within the US Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Indian Tribes within the US - Research Paper Example Indians are among the fastest growing ethnic groups in the United States. The major locations which they occupy are divided into seven regions, discussed below; 1) Great plains They occupy the hills and plains of North America. Major examples include the Sioux, Blackfoot, Cheyenne, Crow and Comanche. They have an archaic culture just like other Indian tribes, due to resistance to domination by the United States and the governments of other countries. Great Plains Indians are divided into two major groups; the nomadic who practiced agriculture and kept animals and the aboriginal Indians, who are semi sedentary hence, lived in villages where they grew crops and traded with other neighboring communities. They comprise of Hidatsa, Iowa, Omaha and Otoe. The main animals they hunted were the buffalo and antelopes, for their hide, bones and for food. They later learnt about horses from Spanish explorers in the early sixteenth century, which greatly enhanced how they lived their life for exa mple made transport easier. The buffalo however remained the main source of game food. The great plain Indians had no particular religion. They however believed in spirits, which they believed controlled their health. They also respected the sun as the source of life. Their housing was referred to as Teepees made of buffalo hides, which could move around when they were moving from one place to another, for those who were nomadic. For the sedentary ones, the preferred form of housing was game lodges. They wore moccasins in the feet, hence the shoes. Women adorned themselves with jewellery to enhance beauty .to preserve their food they used the sun. The great Plains Indians had impressive arts which they expressed through painting and carvings which was mainly done by men. On the other hand women mainly engaged in beadwork, needle work and cloth design. 2) South West Indian tribes. They include Chea, Creek, Timucua and Lumbe. Mainly considered to be woodland Indians. Their main source of economic activity was hunting and gathering of wild fruits and animals, farming of crops such as rice and corn. They comprise of different languages and dialects within them. Just like other native communities they passed tradition from current and future generations orally, from elders to the young members of the community. The tribes were divided into clans, and a person belonged to the mothers’ clan, hence it was matriarchal in nature. They were very religious in nature and hence believed in gods and deities. As a form of worship they put up occasions where they prayed through song and dance ceremonies. They inhabitated forested areas of the south western areas of the country. 3) Mid Atlantic/north East . They comprise among others Lenape, Iroquois, Pequot, Algonquin and Niponic. The houses they inhabitated were called longhouse and wig warms. To protect them during cold periods, barks of trees and animal hides were used to cover their dwellings to provide warmth. They had leaders who were reffered to as Sadem which was a hereditary position. Chores were divided according to age and gender. Men did hunting and made weapons to be used in hunting and during war, while women were involved in cooking, farming and weaving baskets. Early Europeans who settled in this area introduced new infections which led to

Sobey's Distribution Department Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Sobey's Distribution Department - Case Study Example The following discourse focuses on Sobey in terms of the probable applicability of technology to improve its operations. Introduction E-commerce can be done in two ways. The first is a case in which a company produces goods and services that can be exchanged online. These include such goods as computer software and even books, commonly referred to as e-books. In such transactions, the buyer contacts a seller mainly through the seller’s website and places an order for the given product. After this, the buyer is directed on how to make the payment. This is done online too with the buyer offered a dialogue box in which he enters his credit or debit card number. The card must, in this case, be globally recognized. The transaction takes place in the major currencies which in most cases is the American dollar. After entering the card number, an amount that is the price of the product is deducted. Thereafter, the buyer is allowed to download the product. This is an entirely online pr ocess with the two parties requiring no physical contact (Stefan, Christ and Jochen, 2008). The other model involves the basics of the transaction being done online such as in marketing. In this case, the client and the buyer meet online and the buyer gets to the goods specifications in which he is interested. After this, the buyer makes the payment as would be the company policy and waits for the seller to deliver the goods. This takes place when the goods can not be physically exchanged. Sobeys, given its business nature, thus belongs to the second category. It would only carry out extensive marketing and some of the most basic transactions online. However, the remaining part of the transactions would require physical contact between the seller (Sobey) and the buyers. Primary Data Through interviews and observation of the firm operations, it became eminent that the store has a wide customer base and has in the past placed in place strategies that aim to increase its sales. Some of these include product promotions and some other value added services. Sobeys is a chain distribution department with presence in all the provinces of the country and has two hundred branches currently. It majors in the sale of grocery and other fundamental house wares. The use of ICT is appreciated in the firm as the company has a website and is at advance stage of launching on-line transactions with its clients. The use of social sites such as facebook and twitter is rife as the company runs several accounts and fun pages with which it keeps contact with some of its esteemed customer. They have used the on-line platform to carry out market researches and this has played a part in their determination of yet some newer locations of expansion. From the study on how the store uses technology, the following were determined: Key characters and the difficulties they currently face Among some of the key personalities of the firm is the president who also sums up as the chief executive off icer of the firm. Currently, this position is held by William Bill Mc Ewan. Given the fact that firm has a presence throughout Canada, communication and information flow has proved to be a challenge to its operations. This is a challenge which is well understood by the organization’s CEO. For instance, there are several incidences and transactions always warrant his presence or authorization but due to the job’s nature, the president can not always oversee all these in person. Consequently, he normally delegates some of these

Professionalism in Environmental Public Health Essay - 1

Professionalism in Environmental Public Health - Essay Example environment, governing authorities and other civil organizations are spearheading projects aimed at mitigating the effects of environmental pollution. Individuals involved in implementation of these mitigating measures are called environmental public health workers. Like any other career field, environmental health workers are expected to perform their duties in a professional manner. This essay evaluates on the aspect of professionalism in environmental public health. Concepts appraised in professionalism include competency, education and ethics. The essay extrapolates on how each of the concepts mentioned contributes towards professionalism in environmental public health. In contemporary workplace settings, professionalism remains an inherent requirement of all employees. Typical workplace settings like healthcare institutions require all workers to follow simple guidelines while executing their respective duties. These simple guidelines aim at enhancing achievement of an institution’s mission and vision objectives. From a theoretical perspective, professionalism involves application or adoption of character patterns within a work place in order to direct one’s effort towards achieving high-quality productivity (Nagel, 2011). In the context of environmental public health, workers within this field deals with ensuring safety of the public. This means that members of the public trust employees of environmental public health to safeguard their lives in relation to environmental aspects. In most cases, the manner in which these workers relate with people in their work determines the public’s attitudes towards all environmental health workers. This means that health workers should maintain a sustainable and professional demeanor while dealing with members of the public. Therefore, professionalism is a paramount quality of individuals within the public health sector (Nagel, 2011). Continued education is instrumental in enhancing professionalism of workers

Choose one for me Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Choose one for me - Essay Example From the current federal minimum wage rate of $7.25 an hour, various states have proposed different figures in order to raise the wage rate to a favorable amount (Shemkus 2). One of the bigger challenges in increasing the minimum wage rates is increasing the costs for the employers. Although the initiative ensures that the employees get reasonable payment for their services, it forces the employers to incur huge costs (Jacoby 3). Federal labor statistics reported that about 70% of the minimum wage rate employees work for less than 35 hours a week. This makes their earning to be less thus the increment will give such individuals the opportunities of living decent lives. Left-leaning Economic Policy Institute concluded that, â€Å"by increasing workers’ take-home pay, families gain both financial security and increased abilities to purchase goods and services, thus creating jobs for other Americans.† Nevertheless, the business-backed nonprofit Employment Policies Institute remarked that increasing the minimum wage rate does not lower poverty. Studies indicate that there is no relationship between high wage rates and the reduction of poverty therefore; this initiative might not be used as a way of reducing the poverty rates in various states. According to Shemkus (2-3), further studies have also found the relationship between unemployment and increasing the minimum wage rate. Opponents of increasing the minimum wage rate reiterate that by increasing the minimum wage rates, the employers would be overburdened that they may not hire more workers. This will make it more badly when many people will be unable to be employed. On the other hand, the rise in wage rate is seen as a special move that will enhance the consumer patterns of purchasing. Nonetheless, the consumer goods and services will increase in correspondence to increased minimum wage rates. Studies have indicated that by improving the minimum wage rates, individuals will live

High School vs College Essay Example for Free

High School vs College Essay We all can’t wait to get to college so we party and live it up. The thing is college is a lot different than high schools were as in high school you had to follow rules and in college it is your choice to be responsible for yourself. In September of 2006, I enter the doors of Clifton high school as a freshmen only being my second year in public school so this was all new to me. I got to home room and the handed out our agendas with all the rules in the back of the book. As time went on we all got use to the rules not many listened, but those who did not were punished for whatever the person did. Some of the rules that we had to abide were that we could not wear shorts above our finger tips we also could not wear flip flops because of an incident that happened to a girl a couple years earlier that was not good. Ripped jeans also were not allowed the principle said it showed too much skin. Those were just some of the rules. Once I got to college I realized rules no longer applied. Since I was so use to the rules in high school it took me awhile to remember that I could wear whatever I pleased without getting in trouble in anyway. Another difference between high school and college rules are in high school you can count on your parent’s and teachers remind you of your responsibilities and your priorities. For example if you have an essay due they help get through what you need to write the essay. They also remind you day by day when your essay is due along with your homework and other things. In college you have to balance your responsibilities and priorities which will be hard for many people seeing that they always had help. Your college professors will give a syllabus with step by step instructions on what is due and when. If they tell you an essay is due a week from now it is your responsibility to get your work done, because they will not remind you as time goes on. To professors you are now an adult and are responsible for your own time and priorities. They will not baby you throughout your time in college. Lastly in high school when you were absent from school you had to bring in a note as to why you were absent. Whether it was a parent/doctor or hospital note. We had five days to bring in a note you teacher would remind you every day and if you didn’t it would be marked as an unexcused absents. If you were to receive three unexcused absents it would get you a cut. Once you get to college that changes your professor does not really care if you are absent because it is your grade that is being affected not theirs. As long as you show responsibility in getting your work in then your grade shouldn’t be affected that much and it shows that you care about what you’ve missed and have to make up along with caring for the class. In conclusion the differences between high school and college are major things though many people may not think that, but it shows who can be responsible with their priorities in college appose to high school. I have learned to manage my time a lot better since high school were everything was done for me. Though it was a little of a struggle to make the transaction it was extremely necessary or things would not get done on time or at all. I’m glad that college teaches you these traits because it helps you in the long run when you enter the real world as a family person, employee and or employer.

Book Review Why We Dont Listen Essay Example for Free

Book Review Why We Dont Listen Essay James C. Peterson, author of Why Dont We Listen Better? Communicating Connecting in Relationships, through trial and error learned the value of communication balancing in which he found that the counselor must listen awhile, talk until the other person stops hearing and then listen until the person calms enough to hear again. (Peterson, 2007 Pg. 5) This concept is enlarged into a process in which Peterson calls the flat-brain syndrome. The purpose of the writing of this book according to Peterson was to assist couples in gaining the communication skills needed to improve their relationship. In this book Peterson says to make personal connection with people communication skills need to involve the stomach, which puts our feelings into words, the heart which makes clear that we are putting our own feelings into words and the head which puts our thoughts into words. (Peterson, 2007 Pg. 16) Peterson says that he uses the flat-brain syndrome to understand the problem of failed communication. Peterson explains â€Å"communication is the lubrication designed to keep our functions of stomach, heart, and head working separately and together† (Peterson 2007, Pg. 6). The gifted Peterson also takes the concept of the flat brain syndrome a step further by relating to the reader what happens when our systems (stomach, heart and head) get out of whack. (Peterson 2007, Pg. 23) In this scenario Peterson uses these parts to show what happens to communication, for example stomach overloads, hearts might turn bricklike, brains can go flat, and hearing is altered. These things of course alter the way we hear and feel. These things then set us up to fall into the flat-brain syndrome. Peterson 2007 35-48) In part two Peterson explains the â€Å"talker-listener† process or what he refers to as TLC which exhibits his feelings about the whole counseling process. Part three explains the techniques Peterson uses in listening and the traps one can fall into in the process. The process used by Peterson in this book relates things that he has tested and that work for the counselor. In closing Peterson makes clear that to â€Å"put wheels on your technique,† the counselor must exhibit warmth, genuineness and empathy. Why Dont We Listen Better?  Communicating Connecting in Relationships is a book written from the human counselor perspective. Peterson uses examples of everyday objects to relate positive plans for the counselor to put into action to achieve really positive results. Where many writers fail at connecting with their readers, Peterson brings a high level of understanding and process explanation simply by being down to earth in his communication. The whole goal of the book seemed to be to make a progressive and positive change in the process the non-professional counselor could use to aid and assist his counselee. From reading the title of the book one might think that listening is the key to the whole process but Peterson adds to the process by incorporating the qualities that pastor counselors should strive to achieve. Those qualities are caring for the counselee, genuine concern for them and the desire to point them at the real counselor. Reflection In reflecting upon the teachings of Dr. Peterson in Why Dont We Listen Better? Communicating Connecting in Relationships, I am reminded of a conversation I had with my middle son and his wife just recently. In particular this book has taught me that I need to listen better and that my boys and their wives are not children anymore. I serve as a missionary to the Navajo in Thoreau, NM. The area is desolate, dry, high and poor. My wife and I had provided a house for our son and daughter-in-law on the property of the church but the time came when they decided they needed to be in a big town where they could both work and do the things young people do. For my wife and I it was a terrible time. We love our kids and we have always been very close. My son tried to explain to me that he needed to find a good job and there were none in Thoreau and that they wanted to be independent. As I look back I realize how bad I was at listening to people that I love. I said it will cost you more than here and I am not going to support you so you can live in Albuquerque. As I think back I realize that I should have listened much better. All the things I told him came true and they came to me for help over and over. Some would say â€Å"well then why do you think that the listening thing was so important? The answer is a beautiful one†¦just the other day I offered to help him work on his car and he said to me â€Å"That’s O. K. dad I have saved up the money to get a mechanic. † Small thing to others I would say but to me he was showing me that he really had grown up. Investigation I must say that I enjoyed reading Why Dont We Listen Better? Communicating Connecting in Relationships. The book helped me to look at several realities about my life as well as my feelings compared to my reactions. I learned that the best way to have a positive relationship is to communicate. For many years the most important thing I feel that I have learned is the art of communication. Peterson has written theories that are effective and have been proven over time. Peterson has given himself to the problem of effective communication, to assisting others and to repairing and building relationships. The book was so easy to understand that I felt like I knew a lot about what Peterson was saying but I learned lots of new things as well. The talker-listener card strategy and the flat-brain theory are things that I will use in the future. It has been hard for me to listen attentively when the communication involves my kids especially when emotions are high but according to the flat-brain theory this is an area that I can work to improve upon. Peterson gives an excellent explanation about how the talker-listener card can work for me and my sons when issues like the one described above come about. Peterson has developed his processes from experiences he has had as a pastoral counselor. Why Dont We Listen Better? Communicating Connecting in Relationships has taught me to be a better listener and how to speak only when the counselee is actively listening to me. This is really a great book for those that want to learn to communicate with others better and to connect with the other party. Application As mentioned before I found this book to be very useful not only in my relationships with my family but also in dealing with the Navajo people in general. One of the things peculiar to many of the Navajo people is that they have specific ways of saying things that to the novice might not mean a whole lot but the talker-listener card methodology will help me in reaching out for their inner feelings, thoughts and desires. After reading this book I find many things that I can do to improve myself. When combined with the 7 Spiritual Gifts with 4 (DISC) Personality Types I have discovered some important information that will help me in my ministry. For example the spiritual gifts and behavioral blends specific to me are that my Primary Spiritual Gifts are Encouraging/Exhorting (58/60), Mercy (58/60) and Serving/Ministry/Helps (57/60). My behavioral blends say that what is expected of me is S/D but I am really C/S. My primary spiritual gifts were found to be: Encouraging / Exhorting, Mercy and Serving / Ministry / Helps. I plan to take the profile to heart mainly because some of the people that know me best have said that the profile was me exactly and I agree. I plan to use the suggested scripture to help me work on my weaknesses and to improve on my strengths. I have made a promise to myself and will ask God to help me to listen to what others have to say. I will incorporate a check system to improve my listening technique. I will actively try to listen to the problems of those seeking my advice. I will also attempt to share my thoughts and feelings without labeling, accusing or judging.

The Bureaucracy Of The United States Government Politics Essay

The Bureaucracy Of The United States Government Politics Essay The Executive Branch of the federal government of the United States of America is charged with the task of exercising the powers of the government over its citizens as well as enforcing the laws created by the Legislative Branch, the Congress. Although overseen by one person, the President of the United States, many more people are involved in the process. The United States Congress consists of a fair number of people from the 535 elected members and their personal staff members to the support staff who work in the Capitol Building itself. The Judicial Branch as well has many members from the Supreme Court Justices to other Federal Judges in lower courts. However the Executive Branch contains the most members in its complicated and massive bureaucratic system. All organizations, administrations, and agencies, often part of what is referred to as the Federal alphabet soup due to the many abbreviations, that fall under this branch originate from some power granted by the somewhat vague Article II of the United States Constitution, or as means of exercising the powers granted to Congress in Article I. While the federal bureaucracy demonstrated in the executive branch may appear to be massive and complicated, the goal is to bring about an understanding of its purpose in the United States government and how it plays a role in an ordinary citizens life. In almost every aspect of ones life, a person must interact in some way, direct or not, with a federal agency from the Internal Revenue Service for tax payment to the Department of Labor ensuring fair payment for a persons work, or the Occupational Safety and Health Administration which ensures a persons safety in the workplace. By having increased understanding in the purpose and operation of such departments in the federal government, a citizen is more able to have true understanding of issues pertaining to them that have potential to influence their voting for not only the President, but also members of Congress. The reason I have selected this topic to focus on in my research is primarily due to the fact that, outside of Presidential actions, the importance of the rest of the people in the Executive Branch is often not taught in Social Studies classes or high school political science-based classes. Students are taught that the role of the Executive branch is to enforce the laws passed by Congress, but the actual process of how such action occurs seems to be missing. In some cases in my research I was surprised when I began making connections between ideas, especially when I began to realize the sheer size of some departments. Therefore, for my own sake, I would like to look into this dark and mysterious area so as to enlighten myself and become better informed how agencies that already affect me operate and who is truly in charge. Literature Review The Federal Bureaucracy Within the Executive Branch of the United States government is an administrative center where the laws created by Congress are put into action. According to Lowi, Ginsberg, Shepsle, and Ansolabehere (2011), from an organizational standpoint, the bureaucracy is a system created by the elected politicians seeking to accomplish objectives as well as solve issues created by the nature of collective action (p. 272). A law cannot be put into action without supporting systems in place to ensure compliance, regulate actions of those affected, and so forth. Because of this connection, the system of executive agencies exists in a unique balance between two branches of government, Executive and Legislative. Carpenter (2005) notes that, while these agencies operate under the President of the United States, departments including, but not limited to, defense, education and agriculture are truly operated by Congressional action and mandate. Because of this the true nature of this bureaucracy is sha ped, perhaps, not by the Chief Executive, but rather by the Legislature. The clear path for analyzing such as system as is found in the federal government is to begin with its creation. For the United States this is to look at the men who created its Constitution and through their work shaped the future of the nation. Looking at the document itself reveals little information to assist in an understanding of the idea. Article II of the US Constitution states that the executive power is given to the President, and further reading only elaborates a minor amount to state that he is also the Commander in Chief of the armed forces, but only two minor clauses give any indication to the actual powers granted to this position. The first indicates that the President may require the heads of executive departments to give their opinion to him, such as advice, related to their duties for their department (U.S. Const. art. II, Â §2, cl. 1). The second establishes the presidents power to appoint people to positions such as ambassadors, Judges and others with the consen t of Congress (Ibid., cl. 2). These two clauses alone shed little light on the powers given to the President and how the bureaucracy was created. As previously noted, the other aspect of the federal bureaucratic system lies in its role of executing the laws created by Congress. Article I of the Constitution enumerates many specific powers given to Congress which, while they are able to create legislation to regulate such areas, the actual execution or regulation occurs through agencies and departments of the executive branch. Therefore it can be taken that the task of such groups, as well as the President as Chief Executive, does not need to be as clearly stated due to the already clarified powers of Congress. However, this seems not to be the truth behind the significant lack of information presented in the Constitution about a piece of the government that now, in hindsight at least, is the most relevant to the everyday citizen. Perhaps at the time of writing the document they were unaware of the significance of such a branch, or, as Irons (2006) argues they simply wished to not focus on such an issue. Instead they preferred to focus even more on the Legislature they were creating and would focus on the presidency at a later date (pp. 37-40). Departments of the Executive Branch In the early years of the United States, the departments falling under control of the executive branch were few in number, yet significantly large for the time. In fact, these departments began under the idea of committees of areas including correspondence, claims, and war to avoid creating departments too similar to colonial bureaucracy experienced under British rule. These committees are the equivalent to the modern-day State Department, Department of the Treasury, and Department of Defense, respectively (Carpenter, 2005, p. 45). However, this was quickly dropped in favor of the disliked, yet highly effective executive agencies seen in Britain and France at the time. These few departments, however, were significant in their size as Carpenter explains. He notes that in the early 1800s, the US Post Office Department employed over 8,000 employees, larger than many private companies at the time. This does not even consider the size of the military departments especially in a time where the United States continued to face many conflicts, including the War of 1812 (Ibid., p. 42). Andrew Jacksons presidency is significant in the expansion of executive departments and is viewed by some to be the creator of the American bureaucracy. Crenson (1975) argues this point citing Jacksons significant reorganizations of several departments during his administration in the 1830s. Major changes occurred in the Post Office and General Land Office, as well as multiple, lesser changes in both the War and State Departments. Additionally he targeted the Treasury Department and Navy Department but was denied these changes by Congress (p. 3). The idea of reorganizing a department is important in the creation of a bureaucracy because it takes vague ideas of operational standards, stripping them from the people performing them, and redefines them as abstract functions (Crenson, 4). These functions are no longer related to a specific person, but rather a role within the institution that must be filled and put into action. The department loses personal ideas in favor of uniform and e fficient operation, an effect that may be positive or negative given an individual departments situation. The influence of presidents on the bureaucracy they control has been mostly maintained throughout its history through the spoils system. This system is the collective idea that once a person is elected to a position of power, they will give those they like or those from whom they want support positions of importance within the government, namely as a departmental head within the bureaucratic system. Andrew Jackson is one of the presidents known best historically for major change in the positions of the bureaucracy. Crenson notes that in a significant number of departments Jackson took people important from his campaign and past endeavors giving them grand supervisorial positions within the executive branch. Research Statement The bureaucracy of the executive branch of the United States government is an incredibly important structure to the operation of the federal government and the nation collectively. Every person, on a regular basis, must interact in some form with one or more of the departments, agencies, or corporations within the executive branch. Because the structure is so massive and complex with structured employee and supervisor roles it can be complicated to fully understand how it operates and its impact on the lives of citizens. As such, further study must be completed for a person not otherwise familiar with the organizational structure and politics of such a system for complete understanding to be attained. Based in the information already presented, it is clear that there is a unique history to the system of bureaucracy that exists within the United States government. This is especially true in the influence both the President and Congress have on the operation and scope of the departments. How, therefore, do the department and cabinet members of the executive branch function in regard to decisions by the President of the United States? Additionally, as demonstrated by Andrew Jackson, the president has an important role in the selection of important members of bureaucratic agencies. How, in this case, do presidents, namely Presidents Jackson and George W. Bush, shape the operations of these departments on an institutional level as well as personally with department heads and cabinet members? The questions above are significant to a discussion of the American bureaucracy because the role of the president as chief executive of the branch is of significant importance to the operation of the agencies falling under his power. Additionally, because each president is given the authority to appoint persons of his choosing to significant positions within the agencies, it is clear that this would give him power to control the agencies in manners in line with his political partys ideology. Full comprehension of this matter is important to understanding the overall operation of the agencies within. Research Findings Departments and the President The function of bureaucrats within the executive branch is determined largely by Congress through bills passed by them; however, the President holds an important role in shaping the manner in which agencies operate within the scope of such Congressional statutes. Shane notes that since the 1960s the President of the United States has changes roles from being an overseer of the executive branch to one who makes decisions for the agencies. Congress, in passing bills which shape the role of the executive branch, tends to be somewhat non-specific in its language, often to please both parties and allow such a bill to pass. As a result, the directives to the executive agency may leave room for Presidential policy to be implemented (2009, p. 147). That is to say that the method by which a Congressional statute is carried out can be dependent on the political views of the President. The President can make such decisions in multiple ways, from creating administrative rules and suggesting poli cies to the departments within the executive branch to his selection of administrators for these departments, to be analyzed more fully in the following section. The Presidents control of the bureaucracy is described as a principal-agent problem. (Lowi, et al., 2011) The idea in this situation is that the bureaucratic agencies must satisfy the desires of both Congress and the President, lest Congress pass more specific legislation or perhaps decrease their budget and scope of authority or the President seek to change the organizations structure to suit their desires. Therefore the agency will wish to respect the Presidents desire for bureaucratic drift for the sake of the continuation of their position. Bureaucratic drift, as used by Lowi, et al., is the difference between the original legislations intentions and the final outcome as implemented in the executive branch. President Franklin Roosevelt is a good example of the direction the White House as a collective, that is to say more than the President and to include his advisors and other staff members, provides to its agencies. He created in 1937 the Committee on Administrative Management which was an official way in which a group of experts, along with the President, could monitor bureaucratic action and enforce Presidential decisions in the agencies (Lowi, et al., 2011). President George W. Bush also made clear his views of the power of the President to have the authority to specify how executive agencies were to operate within the confines of Congressional statutes. Shane states that during the first six years of the G. W. Bush administration, that is 2001-2007, he objected 363 times when signing bills noting that Congress may be stepping on his executive power to direct agencies with their bill (2009, p. 155). Such a direct statement makes clear that many people believe the President to have significant power in the operational procedures for the agencies within the Executive Branch. Shane notes, however, that while the President does have significant policy setting power within the executive branch, agencies are not required to follow such requests as they are not hard and written law, but rather have the power of suggestion. The recourse a president could take against agencies not following such Presidential policy is to modify the organizations leadership structure as will be seen in the next section. However, just as an agency not following the Presidents desires can find themselves in a tough situation, the reverse is also true. A president who publicly declares displeasure with an agency and an attempt to change the way it operates often finds himself in a less than ideal situation in which he appears to be in the wrong. Shane (2009) notes that the desire for appearing to be a strong and powerful president often stops such drastic backlash against the department f rom happening for the sake of public image. Even so, the President still maintains a significant role in determining the execution of Congressional statutes in the operational policies of executive bureaucracy. Administrators and the President The President has significant power to determine policy within the executive branchs bureaucracy in two ways. The first, dictating policy to the agencies, has been analyzed previously and now the focus can be shifted to the second power of the President, nomination of departmental administrators. Although Congress must approve all appointments the President makes, unless a significant problem exists with a nomination it will generally be supported by Congress. Lowi, et al. (2011) speaks about the many controls a President has on the operation of the bureaucracy, and the importance of before-the-fact controls. They suggest that the most powerful control of this sort a President can have is that of the appointment process. There are many reasons that this power is so significant to a president. First, the appointment process allows a president to select administrators for the departments that, ideally, share his political view and are on good terms with him so that when he makes an exe cutive decision over the agencies he can expect the decision to be carried out as he wished. Secondly, this process, by selecting trustworthy individuals, allows a president to be comfortable knowing that they do not need to constantly be a watchdog for the agencies because they can trust the administrators who are running such agencies. Andrew Jackson was, according to Crenson (1975), the first president to truly utilize the power of the appointment to its fullest. In addition to the previously mentioned bureaucratic reorganizations he implemented with the help of Congress, he also appointed many administrative positions, carefully selecting people to create a more personal bureaucracy for him to work with. Amos Kendall was a prime example of Jacksons ability to handle administrative appointments well. He was appointed a chief clerk and in his work created strict bureaucratic policies for those he oversaw, exactly as Jackson wanted to happen. A quality appointment leads not only to a bureaucracy that operates as a President wishes, but also to one that recognizes his power as Chief Executive (Crenson, 1975, p. 75). To see the opposite scenario in which a poor appointment of someone not in line with presidential opinion, as well as poor handling of bureaucratic operation, one can analyze the appointment and work of Christine Todd Whitman by President George W. Bush. Whitman was selected to be the head of the Environmental Protection Agency shortly after Bush won the 2000 election. Flanders argues that her appointment was motivated by a desire to balance Bushs planned appointments, as Whitman was often described as a quite left Republican, or a liberal conservative. Again we see here the impact of public view, and Congressional opinion, of bureaucratic operation and how the President must step carefully through such decisions. Whitman served less than two and one-half years as the head of the EPA for several reasons. The media often wrote about her clashes with President Bush over policy for the EPA, as well as Bushs White House staff members and his own suggestions as to the dissemination of inf ormation to the public about pollution and environmental safety. Of particular note was the EPAs role after the attacks of September 11, 2001 in their analysis of the safety in New York City. Although denied by Whitman afterward, there is distinct evidence, according to Flanders that the White House put pressure on her to release false information, as well as the White House also altering press releases on the topic of air quality. Almost immediately after the attacks Whitman declared the air safe to breathe and said there was no concern for people to return to work. President Bush wanted Americans to continue on in their lives and keep the nation, especially its economic center, moving forward. Many scientists within the EPA warned that the asbestos levels alone were of significant concern, but their opinions were drowned out. The example of Christine Todd Whitman is important because it demonstrates what can happen when a president and those he appoints do not get along in terms of policy views. A good choice for department head can turn bad when such policy is central to an administration, and when an administrator resigns as a result, public image is not positive for the President. Stepping back from specific examples, it is clear that the President of the United States has a significant impact on the operation of the federal bureaucracy. From appointments to setting policy guidelines, even within Congressional statutes, the executive power is quite massive. Congress provides the bureaucratic agencies with the mandate of what they are to do, but the President sets the tone for how such action is to be accomplished. The relationship between President and the departments of the executive branch is historically very significant to the operation of the nation as a whole.

Affirmative Action is Necessary Essay -- Argumentative Persuasive Topi

Affirmative Action is Necessary      Ã‚   Affirmative action is the perfect fuel for a heated debate. Ever since formal plans for affirmative action were proposed by President Lyndon B. Johnson and instigated in 1964, this fiery topic has been battled back and forth at presidential campaigns, discussed in depth in classrooms, and been thoroughly explored at the dinner table. Put simply, affirmative action affects everyone's lives. This has become particularly evident during this past year in the state of Texas, and more specifically in the city of Austin, due to the recent ruling in an affirmative action lawsuit. The ramifications of the decision of this case have effectively destroyed all affirmative action plans created by universities in Texas, Louisiana, and Mississippi. Thus these states are on the brink of re-creating a segregated society, in which minorities are forced to linger outside of the world of higher education and risk becoming social monsters.    In 1992, four white applicants, Cheryl Hopwood, Douglas Carvell, Ken Elliott, and David Rogers, were denied admission into the law school at UT Austin. In September of that same year, all four filed a discrimination lawsuit against the law school. When the case was presented before U.S. District Judge Sam Sparks in August of 1994, Sparks denied them their 14th Amendment right to equal protection, because they could not prove reverse discrimination and thus could not prove they would have been admitted to the law school under a system in which all applicants were judged equally (Phillips 3). In turn, the prosecutors took their case to the 5th U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals. Judge Jerry Smith reversed Judge Sparks decision, ruling the law school's affirmative-action... ... is that, like the monster in the novel, many of these minorities may very well likely resort to violence in order to release the feelings of injustice that they rightly feel.    This is an alarming situation that promptly needs to be corrected. Our schools and society cannot be allowed to follow in Victor's Frankenstein's footsteps. Minorities are full-fledged members of our society and must be treated as such. Society cannot merely abandon an entire portion of itself, nor plans that are designed to protect this portion. If society is to prevent a whole new generation of 'monsters' from being created, it must take responsibility for its members and educate them.    Works Cited King, Michael. "With All Deliberate Speed?" The Texas Observer. May 3, 1996. Phillips, Jim. "Court Lets Hopwood Ruling Stand". Austin American Statesman. July 2, 1996.   

Which Comes First: The Art or the Artist? Essays -- Art Artistic Artis

Which Comes First: The Art or the Artist? A Historical Perspective The approach of the year 2000 seems a good time to think about the way the role of art and the artist has changed through history, and how modern art is interpreted by a modern audience. Writing about modern art gives me the creeps. In other types of art, clear facts can be asserted with security, public reactions are clearly documented, skills can be appreciated, and art is clearly recognized as such. Modern art defys all of these conventions. Writing about modern art bothers me because after I've said everything that I feel about a piece, I'm not sure I could defend myself if someone walked up and told me I was an idiot who missed the artist's point altogether. Am I symbolic of the piss or the crucifix, the Lady or the tiger? Amoung the things the artist has been in history are: historian, architect, scientist, propagandist, and social commentator. Is the modern artist still the same, or is the role of the artist changing completely from all the old templates and metamorphasizing into something altogether different? The Artist as Historian? For vast majority of art history, the artist has been very unimportant. Cave paintings are considered a way to learn about the lives of prehistoric man. Cave paintings are of interest to the archieologist and the curious. No painting has any signatures, at least none have been interpreted as such. No none ever tries to "get into the mind" of a prehistoric artist. No one knows who the artist is until the egyptian artist Imhotep began putting his name on his work. Until then, no none was concerned with the artist as anything but a tool to express the culture of the time. Artists often are given the duty of re... ...ortfolio. The xyz portfolio was a collection of pictures of men engaged in brutal homosexual acts. While these pictures certainly make an impact on an audience, they don't change public opinon on the subject. They change public opinon of the artists. Modern art lacks much of the subtle touch of previous art. Its statements, although more powerful than ever in history, are not accepted by mainstream society. In order for an artists to be the pivot of public opinon and social change, they have to be more acceptable to mainstream, or else art has little function in society. During the Wats;on festival held at Carnegie Mellon University, Elaine King was asked to speak on the future of art. She asserted that art was being created for "artists, art critics, curators and collectors." Surely this must change if art is ever to be the fulcrum it has the potential to be.

The Rise of Nazism in Germany :: Ancient Rome Roman History

The Rise of Nazism in Germany Germany's defeat in World War One created political, economic and social instability in the Weimar Republic and led to the rise of the National Socialist German Workers' Party (NSDAP) or Nazi party. The First World War placed increasingly heavy strains and sacrifices on the German people. The gap between the rich and poor widened and divisions between classes increased. It had direct effect on the workers' living standard as earnings fell and food shortages grew. Food was sold on the growing black market but the prices were high and the poor could not afford to buy. This led to a crisis in the cities and as many as 700 000 died of hypothermia and starvation in the winter of 1916-17. In order to force the German people to bear the hardship of the war, chancellor Bethmann Hollweg promised political reform in a speech in the Reichstag in February 1917. This promise led to political unrest and an organised strike of 400 000 ammunition workers in Berlin, which threatened to cripple arms production. However, as long as the military held their dominant position and the possibility of victory remained, the prospects of reform seemed remote. After the chancellor was forced to resign in July 1917 military repression increased. There were severe restrictions on the right of assembly, stricter control of meetings to discuss grievances, a return to military service for striking workers and the banning of all anti-war material. In September 1918 the military effort suddenly collapsed. The allied powers, in particular President Wilson of the United States, demanded that Germany be transformed into a democracy. On November 1918 the SPD declared the abdication of the Kaiser and the birth of the new Weimar Republic. On 28 June 1919 the German government signed the Treaty of Versailles imposed on it by the victorious powers. Clause 231 blamed Germany for causing the war and vast majority of Germans rejected this. They blamed the Weimar government for losing the war and signing the outrageous Treaty. Linked to this was the demand for financial compensation for the cost of the war paid to France and Britain. This shocked the Germans severely as it would be hard to pay reparations since the war had weakened the country. Germany's army personnel was to be reduced to 100 000 and was forbidden to produce "offensive" weapons. There was to be no air force or submarines and the navy was to be reduced to six small battleships and six cruisers.

Museum Of Fine Arts Boston Essay

A flaw inherent to many business models is that the business/organization relies on a generic analysis of their resources instead of taking into account their specific product/market combination. The MFA is a museum, a school, a publisher, a retailer, a restaurateur, a film-theater, and more. Each demands unique research and analysis. A fusion of information would enable the MFA to establish an ongoing and effective strategic plan. Identification and discussion of three types of resources the MFA possesses with reference to the advantages of those resources. Three core resources (collections, audience, and exhibitions) and three supporting resources (facilities, financial, and organization) make the achievement of their strategic plan possible. Collections established a continued need to improve the quality of the collection, its management and care and provide electronic access to the collection. Audience included the need to engage, educate, and delight visitors as well as retain and expand the audience by better understanding the needs of their highly segmented target market. Special exhibitions entailed the creation of an exhibition schedule that met a variety of goals including an intellectual contribution, the attraction of visitors and revenue generation. Special-exhibition attendance is unpredictable and requires research to make reliable revenue forecasts. The supporting resources: Facilities focused specifically on enlarging and improving the museum. Financial reiterated the need for fiscal stability and fund-raising that would support facility expansion as well as other identified strategic needs. The MFA needs to maintain a balanced budget. Due to the American system of funding arts the MFA relies almost exclusively on private funding and its revenues come from memberships, admissions, sales of merchandise, restaurant food sales, school tuition, contributions, gifts and grants, and investments. The external relations group competes with other New England institutions for donations as well as educational institutions (Harvard) and area hospitals. Organization focuses on the adoption of an audience-aware, results-oriented, experimental attitude and realignment of the divisions within the MFA in order to support the strategic focus. This includes the MFA’s relationships with its customers, employees, donors and outside organizations; branding (which is directly related to mission and must be clear, specific, and not to be interpreted as a routine promise). The MFA needs to differentiate their purpose [other than to educate] from that of other museums. Their brand needs to be credible, meaningful and dependent upon a realistic mission statement. One type of resource that the organization needs to improve A significant issue for the museum is how to increase the visitor-experience in the museum. Research has revealed some key deficiencies in the visitor’s experience in the museum. Unique brand awareness challenges face the MFA because they are a non-profit multi-dimensional art institution with a highly segmented target market. The museum put together a cross-functional team that focused on initiatives related to orientation, customer service, on-site communications, and team undertook numerous initiatives to enhance the overall visitor experience of the MFA. Conclusion: why attendance is an important resource on which the MFA should focus. The museum’s will undoubtedly get focus and attract renewed attention in 2010 when the new wing opens but a continued strategy to improve core attendance is an ongoing priority. Critical questions remain: How does the MFA ensure continued, satisfactory visitor attendance? Continued education of their market, delivery on their mission and quality visitor experience. References Rangan, V. K. , Bell, M. (2005). Case 16. Museum of Fine Arts Boston. (pp. 530-557). Boston: Harvard Business School Publishing. Chiagouris, L. (2005). Article 13. Nonprofits can take Cues from the Biz World. Branding Roadmap Takes Shape. In Marketing Management Magazine. (September/October 2005, pp. 52-54). New York: Pace University’s Lubin School of Business. Developing Competitive Advantage and Strategic Focus. In Chapter 5 Lecture Notes. (2008). Thomson Learning Inc.

Literacy in Pakistan

Are those equal, those who know and those who weart know. 1. INTRODUCTION It is now a univers everyy recognized accompaniment that plenteousness procreation is a pre-requisite for the development and successfulness of a rural area. The of import priority of the develop countries, in repenny years has been to advance the development and re innovativeal of essential discipline and to eliminate illiteracy. Pakistan, unfortunately, like the other downstairs developed countries, has do little patterned advance in this aspect.Since independence, she continues to remain in the stem of countries with the lowest literacy rank. Half of the existences illite site and 22 theatrical role of the dry lands population bouncing in S turn outh Asia. Pakistan does not f be s rise up up on account of literacy at heart the region. Sri Lanka and Maldives lay down almost attained intact literacy. The fully grown literacy rate for India is 61 as compared to 53 per cent in Pakista n. India, accord to a recent shoot d peerless by the cosmos dep unmatched, has attained light speed per centumage Gross registration dimension (GER) and 90 share Net Enrollment proportionality (NER) at the original take. 2.MEANING OF ILLITERACY For an Adult, illiteracy actor primitive manual get in agriculture and industry, uncertain affair opportunities and low wages, carriage- wide miserable living conditions, and wound dependence on the literate of the community for the periodical civic and business interactions and deprivation in solely walks of life. For adults illiteracy also means exclusion from most of frugalal, genial and pagan activities. For the Out-of-school Children, illiteracy means compel labour, vagrancy, sickness and slavery. For Women, literacy is a survival kit out and symbol of spatial relation.It means emancipation, participation in the end making of the family and comparability. 3. IMPORTANCE OF LITERACY illiteracy is a small pane i n a large window, opening into the humankind of knowledge based on rearing and writing as 1 of the soonest cultural activities of mankind. Mankinds civilization, and its accumulation, sacramental manduction and transmission of knowledge over the centuries has been do possible by written and readable words. Every Muslim knows that the beginning(a) reign over revealed by onlyah to the Holy Prophet of Islam Muhammad (PBUH) was consider.Literacy, over the centuries, has catch the lever of kind-hearted bring forward and the leveler of social and economic conditions. It is a basic human need, and human mature to knowledge. Illiteracy is brake on human development, and maps of illiteracy poverty, underdevelopment, social discrimilanded estate and malady are always co-incident. It is a argufy to human dignity and imposes a cabin category status on a somebody in all societies. Life without literacy is life without hope, security and chuck up the spongedom. 4. CRITERIA FOR DETERMINING THE LITERACY STATUSThe literacy status of a country is determined by the following parameters I. The existing level of literacy. II. The rate on increment of new literates. III. The pot of the program line systems output. IV. The demographic factors engage structure, mortality and birth rate. V. The get press release but not the least is the constituent of budget engaged for the nurture. 5. RAISING THE LITERACY rank Countries hasten succeeded in raising their literacy rates by taking the following move I. Universalization of pristine knowledge. II. Providing non-formal primary bringing up facilities for out of school youth and dropouts.III. Launching solid groundwide course of instructionmes for adults backed by political pourboireership. IV. ample involvement of various social groups, institutions, in the public eye(predicate) and voluntary organizations etc. 6. ILLITERACY SCENARIO IN PAKISTAN The picture of illiteracy in Pakistan is grim. Althoug h successive government activitys dumbfound announced various programmes to upgrade literacy, especially among women, but they energise been inefficient to translate their words into actions because of various political, social and cultural obstacles. Access to basic commandmental activity is the right of every single. teaching is the most pregnant instrument in enhancing human capabilities, and in achieving the desired objectives of economic development. information enables single(a)s to marque inform choices, broaden their horizons and opportunities and to have a voice in public decision-making. It is one of the most heavy factors that act as a counterweight to social and economic mobility imposed by cultural and diachronic biases. raising is a vehicle of country building th cranky which a dry lands considerd interpretation of recital and cultural values are reproduced crossways gene rations.At the country level, education means besotted economic growth due to fatty and adept labor force. At the individual level, education is safely correlated to high returns in earning and a more informed and aware existence. The rising global scenario offers Brobdingnagian opportunities and challenges, and but those nations ass benefit from it, which have acquired the exactd knowledge base and skills. on that point are 163,000 primary schools in Pakistan, of which plainly 40,000 cater to girls. concord to UNICEF, 17. 6 per cent of Pakistani children are working and backup their families. 7.CAUSES OF ILLITERACY IN PAKISTAN 1) Half-hearted planning and steering of literacy and continuing education. 2) Limited budget. 3) insufficiency of legitimate statistics and research researchers. 4) Weak community participation. 5) miss of multimedia material. 6) Lack of special skilled textbook writers. 7) Poor follow up of programmes. 8) In-service teachers do not take more than(prenominal) work seriously. 9) Dependence on abroad aid. 10) Dro pout rate is high. 11) Over-crowded manakinrooms. 12) Panacea of private area. 13) overage syllabus. 14) Problems of high(prenominal) education brain drainpipe etc. 15) Corruption. 16) Rote learning. 7) Unfair examinations. 18) Lack of adequate facilities such(prenominal) as unmortgaged water, electricity etc. in the clownish schools. 8. EFFECTS OF ILLITERACY 1) Over-population. 2) Low- uncouth domestic product and per capita income. 3) Increase humble labour. 4) Infant mortality and maternal mortality. 5) policy-making instability. 6) Poor use of natural resources. 7) obese outside(a) debts. 8) Child labour. 9) Poor worldwide image. 10) Low per acre agriculture yield. 11) Halting industrial growth and less trade activities. 9. typify GOVERNMENT POLICY According to orb Bank Report, Pakistans spending on public sector education is all 2. per cent of the gross domestic product and this is much get down than the south Asian average of 3. 6 per cent and the low-income co untries average of 3. 4 per cent I. Millennium victimization Goals (MDGs) Pakistan has committed to all the International declaration to extend the schedule of providing the basic right of education to all of its citizens. Pakistan is among the signatories of Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) as head as the Dakar World Education Forum 2000. The Government of Pakistan has taken some(prenominal) policy and program initiatives to achieve these international goals since consequently.The subject electronic reckoner program of Action for Education for all was initiated in response to the consignment made at Dakar for World Summit. The Education Reform Action Plan (ESR), which is built upon the National Education insurance policy 1998-2010, is a long-term plan, with tether annual action plans. The ESR addresses the development of the general education sector through enthronisation in rehabilitation of schools, improving the program and assessment reform system, an adult literacy campaign, mainstreaming the Madressahs, a pilot film school nutrition program and technical stream in junior-grade schools.The Poverty Reduction Strategy passic (PRSP) views education as a tender policy instrument in livery poverty down. Three main goals that are the underlying objectives of all of these programs and initiatives include usual access to primary education by increasing the net adjustment and higher(prenominal) rate of survival of children till grade 5, ontogenesis in the adult literacy rate and to attain gender e prime(prenominal) at all levels. Currently, adult literacy rate is 53 percent net enrolment at the primary level is 52 per cent, slip awaying rate for 2004- 05 is noted as 61 per cent and signifi privyt gender faultings at all levels especially in the country-style areas ersist. general spending on education as a percentage of GDP is 2. 1 per cent and has approximately increase by less than one percentage point since 2000-01. II. Educ ation Institutions and Enrollment progression of Universal Primary Education (UPE) has become a compelling national priority. This is a challenge that has been accepted at the highest level in the federal and bucolic governments. UPE is judge to increase in access to education by 4%, reduction in gender discrepancy by 10% and enhancing primary completion rate by 5% per annum.In the past year, 2187 new primary schools were established, 1221 in the public sector and 881 in the private sector. This increase has occurred in twain outlandish and urban areas. Statistical annexure add-in 9. 1 and 9. 2, show the spot of the girls in the primary and middle school in year 2004-05. The expansion in the number of institutions is inconsistent with the need to provide clear access to the half the countrys school going population. The public sector was able to establish yet 999 new primary schools for girls in 2004-05.The responsibility of expanding the primary and middle schools for gi rls has been devolved to District Governments under the degeneration plan. III. Primary education Two main indicators that show the changes in the primary schooltime are Gross Enrollment appraise (GER) and Net Enrolment rate (NER). The stick out four years have witnessed 14 percentage points increase in the gross primary enrollment which is more then 3 percentage point per annum increase on average. This increase from 72 percent in 2001-02 to 86 percent in 2004-05 is a result of targeted and resilient polices of the government.Adoption of free provision of universal basic education polices in the provinces (except Balochistan) is gradually delivering the promised increase in the enrolment rate. In the urban areas, the GER is spectacular in all provinces, ranging from 84 percent in Balochistan to 108 percent in Punjab. In the rural areas, Punjab has made a mark progress, particularly in female GER, which change magnitude from 61 percent in 2001-02 to 82 percent in 2004-05. The Gender gap has also seen an improvement at the primary level in Punjab and has been modest in Sindh, NWFP and Balochistan. IV. Gender gapGender disparity in literacy and enrollment is one of the key concerns of the Government. Pakistans overall record in promoting and delivering gender e persona has been weak. There are, however, areas in which significant progress has been made and indicators point to a lulu though slow improvement in the ratio of girls to boys at all levels of education, the ratio of literate females to males, share of women in urban employment (as proxy indicator for share of women in wage employment in non-agricultural sector) has improved marginally and improvement in participation of women in national decision making process.Statistics show that gender disparity has been declining since 1998-99, however the recent decline is only marginal from 26 percent in 2001-02 to 25 percent in 2004-05. lessen gender gap in education at all level go away ensure equalit y of opportunity and economic participation for females. Gender disparity in literacy is lower in urban areas where it is 16 percent, as compared to 29 percent in rural areas in 2004-05. In fact thither has been no progress in reducing the gender gap either between the urban and rural areas or between genders in both areas. V. Public Private PartnershipThe Community Support plain Schools Program (CSRSP) is NEFs largest program and it encourages pilot innovations to promote education in rural areas. Notable among them are Child kind School Program and Education for operative Children. Currently, 260 schools are running under CSRSP with an enrollment of 23300 disciples and another 350 schools are established in 2005 supported by NORAD. Moreover, teacher gentility has been a significant broker of CSRSP, with the goal to enable in-service community teachers to re-learn modern pedagogical principles and techniques to manage todays classrooms. VI.Higher Education Commission Pakista n is ranked amongst the lowest in the world in higher education enrollment rates at 2. 9 percent. Other Asian developing countries, such as India and Korea, stand at 10 percent and 68 percent respectively. According to a report of the steering committal for higher education in 2001, only 2. 6 percent of the students between the ages 17-23 enrolled in universities, which have increased to 2. 9 in 2005. The target is to double enrollment in the next cardinal years by increasing the capacity of the existing higher education institutions and also establishing new ones.The quality of education provided is not up to the mark, which can be gauged from the fact that not a single Pakistani university is ranked among the top 500 universities of the world. VII. Financing of Education in the public sector Public disbursement on education as a percentage to GDP is lowest in Pakistan as compared to other countries of the South Asian region. Pakistan spends 2. 1 percent of its GDP on education as compared to India which spends 4. 1 percent, Bangladesh 2. 4 percent and Nepal spends 3. 4 percent. VIII. National Education opinion SystemNational Education Assessment System (NEAS) is a World Bank funded project with a total greet of Rs. 319. 364 million including foreign exchange component with World Bank share of Rs. 273. one hundred ten million. The government of Pakistan is committed to improve the quality of education at all levels. The NEAS is one of the key programs of the Ministry meant to improve the quality of education at elementary level, with the objective to stripe learning achievements of grade 4 and 5 students, to develop capacity in educational assessment related activities, to institutionalization of sustainable supervise system and information dissemination.IX. Curriculum Development The course of study development is an on going process to respond to global challenges and emerging trends. This process has been initiated in collaboration with the federa l units and provincial and regional governments (AJ&K, FATA). The present government realizing the importance of vibrant and dynamic curriculum has decided to review /revise curriculum of class 1 to 8. The committee has initiated advisory meetings to develop a curriculum reflecting the in vogue(p) trends in individual subjects as well as equipping the education of the country with the requirement of today and tomorrow. 0. SUGGESTIONS 1) A unvaried education policy. 2) Ability and merit mustinessiness be declared as inlet stones of our national life. 3) Adequate educational facilities. 4) removal of fake schools 23000 present in livelong country. 5) Fair examination system. 6) Updated curriculum. 7) High cadence of pedantic research. 8) removal of corruption. 9) Training of teachers. 10) remotion of rote learning. Education counterbalances people slack to lead, but difficult to drive escaped to govern, but impossible to enslave. CURRENT teaching method SYSTEM The stru ggle to raise a nations living threadbares is fought first and foremost in the classrooms. 1. INTRODUCTION Birds and animals require teaching or training to lead a successful bird or animal life. They know how to make a hearthstone or shelter for themselves and how to keep themselves alive instinctively. The instinct of self-preservation is implanted by nature. They are given certain faculties, which develop, to their supreme level with their physical growth without much conscious efforts on their part or on the part of their parents. Not so with man.His intellectual growth depends on some outside factors and cannot attain maturity without long and deliberate efforts on his part and on the part of his well-wishers. A forest can grow itself but a garden cannot. A flower is pretty by itself but a diamond requires a lot of cutting and polishing in advance it depart sparkle and scintillate into super acid colours. Man is like a rough diamond and requires filling and polishing t o begin with all his faculties can function fully. Inevitably, in fact, education enables one to lead a better life physically, mentally and spiritually.Education helps compress out ones emotions, prejudices, and idiosyncrasies to clip things rather objectively. This enables an individual to visualize his office staff in a society he lives and the world society as a solid. The process of education can be regarded as a function of five Ms namely Man, Money, method, attention and Machinery. That is the wretched human expression of the major(ip) variables that figure in the educational process, though social milieu, reflecting attitude of society towards education. 2. world(a) training SCENARIO Access to basic education is the right of every individual.Education is the most important instrument in enhancing human capabilities, and in achieving the desired objectives of economic development. Education enables individuals to make informed choices, broaden their horizons and opport unities and to have a voice in public decision-making. It is one of the most important factors that act as a counterweight to social and economic mobility imposed by cultural and historic biases. Education is a vehicle of nation building through which a nations shared interpretation of storey and cultural values are reproduced crosswise generations.At the country level, education means strong economic growth due to plenteous and skilled labor force. At the individual level, education is strongly correlated to higher returns in earning and a more informed and aware existence. The emerging global scenario offers colossal opportunities and challenges, and only those nations can benefit from it, which have acquired the required knowledge base and skills. 3. EDUCATION SCENARIO IN SOUTH ASIA Half of the worlds illiterate and 22 percent of the worlds population live in South Asia.Pakistan does not fare well on account of literacy within the region. Sri Lanka and Maldives have almost at tained full literacy. The adult literacy rate for India is 61 as compared to 53 percent in Pakistan. India, according to a recent study make by the World Bank, has attained 100 percent Gross Enrollment ratio (GER) and 90 percent Net Enrollment Ratio (NER) at the primary level. 4. LITERACY SCENARIO IN PAKISTAN (From scallywag 25) 5. CAUSES OF ILLITERACY IN PAKISTAN (From page 25) 6. EFFECTS OF ILLITERACY (From page 25) 7. hand GOVERNMENT POLICY From page 25, 26, 27) 8. juvenile SCHEME OF STUDIES The federal education ministry on Thursday notified a new end of studies for classes I to XII, extending the number of annual pedantic days from clxx to 210 and making Islamiyat commanding from class III-instead of class IV from next year. Non-Muslim students have been given the option to study ethics in place of Islamiyat. ready reckoner education has been made exacting from class VI. Physical training, arts and crafts, library sessions and after-school(prenominal) team sports h ave also been made compulsory. The number of academic days in a year has been increased from 170 to 210. The new scheme leave behind be effective from 2007. Science and math would be taught in English by 2011, it was notified. All middle schools give get calculator labs within third years. Standard exams will be conducted at the end of class VIII to grant scholarships to students at the provincial and district levels. Under the new scheme, students of classes I and II will be taught Urdu, English, mathematics and general knowledge, which will include short stories from Islamic score, intelligence and social studies. The provinces have the discretion to use their regional languages as medium of instruction and no student will be retained in classes I and II. From class VI onwards, science, geographics, muniment and computer education will be taught in amplification to other compulsory subjects. Maths, science and computer education will be taught in English, whereas, fo r geography and history the medium of instruction can be Urdu or English up to 2011. For classes IX and X in humanities group, Pakistan studies and three out of 22 elective subjects will be taught in assenting to Urdu, English, maths and Islamiyat.An good Islamic study has been introduced as an elective subject. In the science group, physics, chemistry, biological science and maths will be taught in English, whereas Islamiyat and Pakistan studies will be taught in Urdu. At the higher secondary school level, there will be five academic groups science group-I (pre- health check), science group-II (pre-engineering or computer science), humanities, commerce, medical technology and home economics. In the pre-engineering group, maths, physics, chemistry or computer science will be taught in addition to the compulsory subjects of Islamiyat, Urdu and English. In the humanities group, three out of 24 elective subjects, including advanced level Pakistan studies and Islamic studies etc , will be offered in addition to the compulsory subjects. In the commerce group, business maths and statistics, principles of accounting, computer skills or banking, principles of economics and commercial geography will be taught in addition the three compulsory subjects. In the medical technology group, labs, images, operation theatre, ophthalmology, physiotherapy and alveolar hygiene technologies will be taught in addition to the compulsory subjects. In the home economics group, diet and house management, food and nutrition, home farming, clothing, child development, group behaviour, childcare and nursing will be taught in addition the compulsory subjects. 9. SUGGESTIONS 1) A equal education policy. 2) Ability and merit must be declared as receding stones of our national life. 3) Adequate educational facilities. 4) remotion of fake schools 23000 present in whole country. 5) Fair examination system. 6) Updated curriculum. 7) High standard of academic research. 8) Removal of corruption. 9) Training of teachers. 10) Removal of rote learning.

There are far too many (women) who are discriminated against and far too many employers who are using every single legal argument and loophole to dodge their obligations under equal pay law

Introduction The Equality achievement 2010 (EqA)1 came into force on the 1st October 2010, replacing the preceding Equal Pay minute 19702, with the aim of whirl greater certainty. Despite this, thither is largely a replication of the terms of the 1970 behave and in that respect catch ones breath difficulties in enforcing the fundamental rule of comprise contri only ife for equal work, which is set out in obligate 157 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union3 (TFEU). This has several(prenominal) elements which can potenti tout ensembley be repugnd by employers feeling to discriminate against women, two of which subjects will be looked at present, in order to confirm or repudiate the statement made at the outset that employers ar using the legal argument to dodge their obligations. For the purposes of inclination this point, two issues will be take aimed, in to a greater extent detail the need for a comparator and the literal exculpation disaffirma tion.Comparator The sex equality requirement prohibits pay favouritism found on sex and t here(predicate)fore a woman spirit to bring a take aim of this nature will need to be up to(p) to compare her contractual terms with a like or fittingly uniform male comparator. This flavour of a comparator is used across the whole sports stadium of contrariety however it is treated somewhat to a greater extent stringently in the discipline of equal pay. In accordance with the EqA, it is necessary for the comparator to be actual. Unlike another(prenominal) commonwealths of discrimination where the comparator can be hypothetical, it is necessary for the woman in this situation to run across an actual comparator. It is besides necessary for the comparator to be in the same employment, i.e. industrious by the same employer or at to the lowest degree an associated employer. The comparator must also be a legitimate or former employee, but cannot be a successor and the comparator is fundamentally the claimants choice. Bearing in mind all of these requirements, it is possible to see that there are several options avail fit to the employer, when it comes to arguing the hardness of a comparator.In the slick of Macarthys in 1980, it was held that there needed to be an actual comparator with the judge stating Comparisons are confined to parallels which may be drawn on the basis of concrete appraisals of the work actually performed by employees of different sex within the same giving medication or service4. It is noted that this is not the drive with a direct pay discrimination claim, where a hypothetical comparator may be allowed for the purposes of evidencing sex discrimination and slight(prenominal) pay for the same work.A similar difficulty emerges in the area of working in the same establishment. In the case of the urban center of Edinburgh Council, 20125, where the versed House of the Court overturned the previous termination of the EAT that had previ ously argued that the terminology establishment could ca-ca a broad meaning. Instead, the Inner House dependant this substantially by saying that the comparator had to work at an establishment that was largely in the same geographical area. An employee looking to claim that they are being paying(a) less(prenominal) will also need to find a comparator who is broadly employed on unwashed terms (as stated in Section 1(6) of the 1970 Act and restated in EqA). For example, in the case of Leverton (1989)6, it was possible for egg-producing(prenominal) nursery nurses to argue that they were being paid less than their comparators who were male clerical staff. All staff had a purple book of terms and conditions and this was sufficient to argue that they had common terms.Finally, there is the date frame over which the comparator has worked, with the ability of the claimant to look at a precursor but not a successor. This was supported by the case of Walton, 20087, where it was held th at a successor could not be used, as this would require the courts to hypothesise as to whether the comparator would establish been treated differently, had they been employed at the same time. This is based on the argument that by looking into the next this would be hypothetical situation and impossible to meditate how the employer would act in the future. It can therefore be seen that there are multiple issues involved in locating a comparator, which can potentially set up it easier for an employer to get off their obligations and to allow them to look at shipway of paying female employees less, either directly or indirectly, or at the very least make the matter difficult for an employee to exhibit, in the absence of an self-explanatory and exact comparator.Material JustificationAnother area which presents a real opportunity for the employer to look at escaping liability is the use of the material divisor defense mechanism contained in both the EqA and the 1970 Act. Thi s defence allows an employer to pay an employee less than a comparator for whom they would otherwise be demand to take care equal pay, due to some non-discriminatory land. There is non- peculiar(prenominal) requirement to deal with the notion of material defence, subsequently the issue of equal pay has been discussed and it may be that the tribunal will in fact consider the material justification defence, at the outset, when looking at whether the jobs were of equal value8.The material factor defence is dealt with in Section 1(3) of the 1970 Act, where it is stated that the employer would acquit a defence, if they could found that the deviance in salary is genuinely due to a material factor which is not the deviation of sex. This is a genuine requirement and allows for employers to have a distinction between pay where it is required for the business need.An employer can show that they have a material factor defence where they can prove the following. Firstly that the expla nation is genuine, secondly that the reason for less favourable treatment was cut back to that explanation, thirdly that the reason was not considered to be the difference of sex and ultimately that the reason is a significant and relevant difference between the man and woman in the instance9. When looking at the genuineness of the situation, the House of Lords stated in Bury Metropolitan Council that tribunals should not become in like manner concerned over the issue of genuineness and should kinda simply look at the facts surrounding the situation10. In this case, it was also stated that the difference will just be a sham, if it has been deliberately fabricated in order to present things otherwise than as they are.Crucially, it is also necessary for the factor to be material meaning, in accordance with Rainey, 1987, where the difference is significant and relevant, but this could be with reference to external factors, such as the market and not necessarily simply down to the skills and knowledge of the individuals in question11. When it comes to material justification, the load of demonstration shifts from party to party in such a way that offers a real opportunity for the employer to escape liability. Once the employee has shown that there is a prima facie case for an equal pay claim, the employer then has the burden of cover a material factor defence, before the burden then travelling back to the employee to show that this was not genuine or in error in some way.For example, it may be argued, as was the case in Cooksey and Others (2011)12, that the use of an on call hire had the impact of men getting paid more than than women, due to men being typically more available to undertake such work this was sufficient to constitute a material factor defence and the case was allowed, with the employer being culpable.ConclusionIt is concluded here that the original statement made that employers have been able to use legal argument and loopholes as a key way of escaping liability under the equal pay legislation is not merely a theoretical argument, but one that is supported and shown time and time again through the tribunals and court system. It is argued here that by just looking at the area of identifying a comparator and the area of a material factor defence, there is a multitude of complexities that can be used by the employer to parry liability. This area ineluctably to be revisited carefully, if there is to be sufficient aegis offered to women, in the future. As it stands, all but the around obvious of discriminatory scenarios are likely to evade the full extent of the legislation and this matter requires review, as a matter of urgency. Practicality is such that there are a variety of factors which may lead to a discrepancy of pay yet this needs to be addressed to ensure that any differences are materially justifiable and are appropriate in all circumstances so as to reduce the boilersuit pay gap as far as possible.Bibliog raphyBury Metropolitan Borough Council v Hamilton and other cases 2011 IRLR 358City of Edinburgh Council v Wilkinson and others 2012 IRLR 202,Cooksey and Others v Trafford Borough Council and others UKEAT/0255/11Equality Act 2010Equal Pay Act 1970Forex Neptune (Overseas) Ltd v moth miller 1987 ICR 170,Glasgow City Council v Marshall 2000 ICR 196 (HL)Treaty on the Functioning of the European UnionLeverton v Clwyd County Council 1989 IRLR 28 (HL).Macarthys Ltd v Smith 1980 IRLR 210Prentis D, Unison. 2013. commenting on North and ors v Dumfries and Galloway Council 2013 SC 45Rainey v Greater Glasgow health Board 1987 ICR 129Walton Centre for Neurology & Neuro Surgery NHS hope v Bewley 2008 IRLR 588