Literacy in Pakistan

Are those equal, those who know and those who weart know. 1. INTRODUCTION It is now a univers everyy recognized accompaniment that plenteousness procreation is a pre-requisite for the development and successfulness of a rural area. The of import priority of the develop countries, in repenny years has been to advance the development and re innovativeal of essential discipline and to eliminate illiteracy. Pakistan, unfortunately, like the other downstairs developed countries, has do little patterned advance in this aspect.Since independence, she continues to remain in the stem of countries with the lowest literacy rank. Half of the existences illite site and 22 theatrical role of the dry lands population bouncing in S turn outh Asia. Pakistan does not f be s rise up up on account of literacy at heart the region. Sri Lanka and Maldives lay down almost attained intact literacy. The fully grown literacy rate for India is 61 as compared to 53 per cent in Pakista n. India, accord to a recent shoot d peerless by the cosmos dep unmatched, has attained light speed per centumage Gross registration dimension (GER) and 90 share Net Enrollment proportionality (NER) at the original take. 2.MEANING OF ILLITERACY For an Adult, illiteracy actor primitive manual get in agriculture and industry, uncertain affair opportunities and low wages, carriage- wide miserable living conditions, and wound dependence on the literate of the community for the periodical civic and business interactions and deprivation in solely walks of life. For adults illiteracy also means exclusion from most of frugalal, genial and pagan activities. For the Out-of-school Children, illiteracy means compel labour, vagrancy, sickness and slavery. For Women, literacy is a survival kit out and symbol of spatial relation.It means emancipation, participation in the end making of the family and comparability. 3. IMPORTANCE OF LITERACY illiteracy is a small pane i n a large window, opening into the humankind of knowledge based on rearing and writing as 1 of the soonest cultural activities of mankind. Mankinds civilization, and its accumulation, sacramental manduction and transmission of knowledge over the centuries has been do possible by written and readable words. Every Muslim knows that the beginning(a) reign over revealed by onlyah to the Holy Prophet of Islam Muhammad (PBUH) was consider.Literacy, over the centuries, has catch the lever of kind-hearted bring forward and the leveler of social and economic conditions. It is a basic human need, and human mature to knowledge. Illiteracy is brake on human development, and maps of illiteracy poverty, underdevelopment, social discrimilanded estate and malady are always co-incident. It is a argufy to human dignity and imposes a cabin category status on a somebody in all societies. Life without literacy is life without hope, security and chuck up the spongedom. 4. CRITERIA FOR DETERMINING THE LITERACY STATUSThe literacy status of a country is determined by the following parameters I. The existing level of literacy. II. The rate on increment of new literates. III. The pot of the program line systems output. IV. The demographic factors engage structure, mortality and birth rate. V. The get press release but not the least is the constituent of budget engaged for the nurture. 5. RAISING THE LITERACY rank Countries hasten succeeded in raising their literacy rates by taking the following move I. Universalization of pristine knowledge. II. Providing non-formal primary bringing up facilities for out of school youth and dropouts.III. Launching solid groundwide course of instructionmes for adults backed by political pourboireership. IV. ample involvement of various social groups, institutions, in the public eye(predicate) and voluntary organizations etc. 6. ILLITERACY SCENARIO IN PAKISTAN The picture of illiteracy in Pakistan is grim. Althoug h successive government activitys dumbfound announced various programmes to upgrade literacy, especially among women, but they energise been inefficient to translate their words into actions because of various political, social and cultural obstacles. Access to basic commandmental activity is the right of every single. teaching is the most pregnant instrument in enhancing human capabilities, and in achieving the desired objectives of economic development. information enables single(a)s to marque inform choices, broaden their horizons and opportunities and to have a voice in public decision-making. It is one of the most heavy factors that act as a counterweight to social and economic mobility imposed by cultural and diachronic biases. raising is a vehicle of country building th cranky which a dry lands considerd interpretation of recital and cultural values are reproduced crossways gene rations.At the country level, education means besotted economic growth due to fatty and adept labor force. At the individual level, education is safely correlated to high returns in earning and a more informed and aware existence. The rising global scenario offers Brobdingnagian opportunities and challenges, and but those nations ass benefit from it, which have acquired the exactd knowledge base and skills. on that point are 163,000 primary schools in Pakistan, of which plainly 40,000 cater to girls. concord to UNICEF, 17. 6 per cent of Pakistani children are working and backup their families. 7.CAUSES OF ILLITERACY IN PAKISTAN 1) Half-hearted planning and steering of literacy and continuing education. 2) Limited budget. 3) insufficiency of legitimate statistics and research researchers. 4) Weak community participation. 5) miss of multimedia material. 6) Lack of special skilled textbook writers. 7) Poor follow up of programmes. 8) In-service teachers do not take more than(prenominal) work seriously. 9) Dependence on abroad aid. 10) Dro pout rate is high. 11) Over-crowded manakinrooms. 12) Panacea of private area. 13) overage syllabus. 14) Problems of high(prenominal) education brain drainpipe etc. 15) Corruption. 16) Rote learning. 7) Unfair examinations. 18) Lack of adequate facilities such(prenominal) as unmortgaged water, electricity etc. in the clownish schools. 8. EFFECTS OF ILLITERACY 1) Over-population. 2) Low- uncouth domestic product and per capita income. 3) Increase humble labour. 4) Infant mortality and maternal mortality. 5) policy-making instability. 6) Poor use of natural resources. 7) obese outside(a) debts. 8) Child labour. 9) Poor worldwide image. 10) Low per acre agriculture yield. 11) Halting industrial growth and less trade activities. 9. typify GOVERNMENT POLICY According to orb Bank Report, Pakistans spending on public sector education is all 2. per cent of the gross domestic product and this is much get down than the south Asian average of 3. 6 per cent and the low-income co untries average of 3. 4 per cent I. Millennium victimization Goals (MDGs) Pakistan has committed to all the International declaration to extend the schedule of providing the basic right of education to all of its citizens. Pakistan is among the signatories of Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) as head as the Dakar World Education Forum 2000. The Government of Pakistan has taken some(prenominal) policy and program initiatives to achieve these international goals since consequently.The subject electronic reckoner program of Action for Education for all was initiated in response to the consignment made at Dakar for World Summit. The Education Reform Action Plan (ESR), which is built upon the National Education insurance policy 1998-2010, is a long-term plan, with tether annual action plans. The ESR addresses the development of the general education sector through enthronisation in rehabilitation of schools, improving the program and assessment reform system, an adult literacy campaign, mainstreaming the Madressahs, a pilot film school nutrition program and technical stream in junior-grade schools.The Poverty Reduction Strategy passic (PRSP) views education as a tender policy instrument in livery poverty down. Three main goals that are the underlying objectives of all of these programs and initiatives include usual access to primary education by increasing the net adjustment and higher(prenominal) rate of survival of children till grade 5, ontogenesis in the adult literacy rate and to attain gender e prime(prenominal) at all levels. Currently, adult literacy rate is 53 percent net enrolment at the primary level is 52 per cent, slip awaying rate for 2004- 05 is noted as 61 per cent and signifi privyt gender faultings at all levels especially in the country-style areas ersist. general spending on education as a percentage of GDP is 2. 1 per cent and has approximately increase by less than one percentage point since 2000-01. II. Educ ation Institutions and Enrollment progression of Universal Primary Education (UPE) has become a compelling national priority. This is a challenge that has been accepted at the highest level in the federal and bucolic governments. UPE is judge to increase in access to education by 4%, reduction in gender discrepancy by 10% and enhancing primary completion rate by 5% per annum.In the past year, 2187 new primary schools were established, 1221 in the public sector and 881 in the private sector. This increase has occurred in twain outlandish and urban areas. Statistical annexure add-in 9. 1 and 9. 2, show the spot of the girls in the primary and middle school in year 2004-05. The expansion in the number of institutions is inconsistent with the need to provide clear access to the half the countrys school going population. The public sector was able to establish yet 999 new primary schools for girls in 2004-05.The responsibility of expanding the primary and middle schools for gi rls has been devolved to District Governments under the degeneration plan. III. Primary education Two main indicators that show the changes in the primary schooltime are Gross Enrollment appraise (GER) and Net Enrolment rate (NER). The stick out four years have witnessed 14 percentage points increase in the gross primary enrollment which is more then 3 percentage point per annum increase on average. This increase from 72 percent in 2001-02 to 86 percent in 2004-05 is a result of targeted and resilient polices of the government.Adoption of free provision of universal basic education polices in the provinces (except Balochistan) is gradually delivering the promised increase in the enrolment rate. In the urban areas, the GER is spectacular in all provinces, ranging from 84 percent in Balochistan to 108 percent in Punjab. In the rural areas, Punjab has made a mark progress, particularly in female GER, which change magnitude from 61 percent in 2001-02 to 82 percent in 2004-05. The Gender gap has also seen an improvement at the primary level in Punjab and has been modest in Sindh, NWFP and Balochistan. IV. Gender gapGender disparity in literacy and enrollment is one of the key concerns of the Government. Pakistans overall record in promoting and delivering gender e persona has been weak. There are, however, areas in which significant progress has been made and indicators point to a lulu though slow improvement in the ratio of girls to boys at all levels of education, the ratio of literate females to males, share of women in urban employment (as proxy indicator for share of women in wage employment in non-agricultural sector) has improved marginally and improvement in participation of women in national decision making process.Statistics show that gender disparity has been declining since 1998-99, however the recent decline is only marginal from 26 percent in 2001-02 to 25 percent in 2004-05. lessen gender gap in education at all level go away ensure equalit y of opportunity and economic participation for females. Gender disparity in literacy is lower in urban areas where it is 16 percent, as compared to 29 percent in rural areas in 2004-05. In fact thither has been no progress in reducing the gender gap either between the urban and rural areas or between genders in both areas. V. Public Private PartnershipThe Community Support plain Schools Program (CSRSP) is NEFs largest program and it encourages pilot innovations to promote education in rural areas. Notable among them are Child kind School Program and Education for operative Children. Currently, 260 schools are running under CSRSP with an enrollment of 23300 disciples and another 350 schools are established in 2005 supported by NORAD. Moreover, teacher gentility has been a significant broker of CSRSP, with the goal to enable in-service community teachers to re-learn modern pedagogical principles and techniques to manage todays classrooms. VI.Higher Education Commission Pakista n is ranked amongst the lowest in the world in higher education enrollment rates at 2. 9 percent. Other Asian developing countries, such as India and Korea, stand at 10 percent and 68 percent respectively. According to a report of the steering committal for higher education in 2001, only 2. 6 percent of the students between the ages 17-23 enrolled in universities, which have increased to 2. 9 in 2005. The target is to double enrollment in the next cardinal years by increasing the capacity of the existing higher education institutions and also establishing new ones.The quality of education provided is not up to the mark, which can be gauged from the fact that not a single Pakistani university is ranked among the top 500 universities of the world. VII. Financing of Education in the public sector Public disbursement on education as a percentage to GDP is lowest in Pakistan as compared to other countries of the South Asian region. Pakistan spends 2. 1 percent of its GDP on education as compared to India which spends 4. 1 percent, Bangladesh 2. 4 percent and Nepal spends 3. 4 percent. VIII. National Education opinion SystemNational Education Assessment System (NEAS) is a World Bank funded project with a total greet of Rs. 319. 364 million including foreign exchange component with World Bank share of Rs. 273. one hundred ten million. The government of Pakistan is committed to improve the quality of education at all levels. The NEAS is one of the key programs of the Ministry meant to improve the quality of education at elementary level, with the objective to stripe learning achievements of grade 4 and 5 students, to develop capacity in educational assessment related activities, to institutionalization of sustainable supervise system and information dissemination.IX. Curriculum Development The course of study development is an on going process to respond to global challenges and emerging trends. This process has been initiated in collaboration with the federa l units and provincial and regional governments (AJ&K, FATA). The present government realizing the importance of vibrant and dynamic curriculum has decided to review /revise curriculum of class 1 to 8. The committee has initiated advisory meetings to develop a curriculum reflecting the in vogue(p) trends in individual subjects as well as equipping the education of the country with the requirement of today and tomorrow. 0. SUGGESTIONS 1) A unvaried education policy. 2) Ability and merit mustinessiness be declared as inlet stones of our national life. 3) Adequate educational facilities. 4) removal of fake schools 23000 present in livelong country. 5) Fair examination system. 6) Updated curriculum. 7) High cadence of pedantic research. 8) removal of corruption. 9) Training of teachers. 10) remotion of rote learning. Education counterbalances people slack to lead, but difficult to drive escaped to govern, but impossible to enslave. CURRENT teaching method SYSTEM The stru ggle to raise a nations living threadbares is fought first and foremost in the classrooms. 1. INTRODUCTION Birds and animals require teaching or training to lead a successful bird or animal life. They know how to make a hearthstone or shelter for themselves and how to keep themselves alive instinctively. The instinct of self-preservation is implanted by nature. They are given certain faculties, which develop, to their supreme level with their physical growth without much conscious efforts on their part or on the part of their parents. Not so with man.His intellectual growth depends on some outside factors and cannot attain maturity without long and deliberate efforts on his part and on the part of his well-wishers. A forest can grow itself but a garden cannot. A flower is pretty by itself but a diamond requires a lot of cutting and polishing in advance it depart sparkle and scintillate into super acid colours. Man is like a rough diamond and requires filling and polishing t o begin with all his faculties can function fully. Inevitably, in fact, education enables one to lead a better life physically, mentally and spiritually.Education helps compress out ones emotions, prejudices, and idiosyncrasies to clip things rather objectively. This enables an individual to visualize his office staff in a society he lives and the world society as a solid. The process of education can be regarded as a function of five Ms namely Man, Money, method, attention and Machinery. That is the wretched human expression of the major(ip) variables that figure in the educational process, though social milieu, reflecting attitude of society towards education. 2. world(a) training SCENARIO Access to basic education is the right of every individual.Education is the most important instrument in enhancing human capabilities, and in achieving the desired objectives of economic development. Education enables individuals to make informed choices, broaden their horizons and opport unities and to have a voice in public decision-making. It is one of the most important factors that act as a counterweight to social and economic mobility imposed by cultural and historic biases. Education is a vehicle of nation building through which a nations shared interpretation of storey and cultural values are reproduced crosswise generations.At the country level, education means strong economic growth due to plenteous and skilled labor force. At the individual level, education is strongly correlated to higher returns in earning and a more informed and aware existence. The emerging global scenario offers colossal opportunities and challenges, and only those nations can benefit from it, which have acquired the required knowledge base and skills. 3. EDUCATION SCENARIO IN SOUTH ASIA Half of the worlds illiterate and 22 percent of the worlds population live in South Asia.Pakistan does not fare well on account of literacy within the region. Sri Lanka and Maldives have almost at tained full literacy. The adult literacy rate for India is 61 as compared to 53 percent in Pakistan. India, according to a recent study make by the World Bank, has attained 100 percent Gross Enrollment ratio (GER) and 90 percent Net Enrollment Ratio (NER) at the primary level. 4. LITERACY SCENARIO IN PAKISTAN (From scallywag 25) 5. CAUSES OF ILLITERACY IN PAKISTAN (From page 25) 6. EFFECTS OF ILLITERACY (From page 25) 7. hand GOVERNMENT POLICY From page 25, 26, 27) 8. juvenile SCHEME OF STUDIES The federal education ministry on Thursday notified a new end of studies for classes I to XII, extending the number of annual pedantic days from clxx to 210 and making Islamiyat commanding from class III-instead of class IV from next year. Non-Muslim students have been given the option to study ethics in place of Islamiyat. ready reckoner education has been made exacting from class VI. Physical training, arts and crafts, library sessions and after-school(prenominal) team sports h ave also been made compulsory. The number of academic days in a year has been increased from 170 to 210. The new scheme leave behind be effective from 2007. Science and math would be taught in English by 2011, it was notified. All middle schools give get calculator labs within third years. Standard exams will be conducted at the end of class VIII to grant scholarships to students at the provincial and district levels. Under the new scheme, students of classes I and II will be taught Urdu, English, mathematics and general knowledge, which will include short stories from Islamic score, intelligence and social studies. The provinces have the discretion to use their regional languages as medium of instruction and no student will be retained in classes I and II. From class VI onwards, science, geographics, muniment and computer education will be taught in amplification to other compulsory subjects. Maths, science and computer education will be taught in English, whereas, fo r geography and history the medium of instruction can be Urdu or English up to 2011. For classes IX and X in humanities group, Pakistan studies and three out of 22 elective subjects will be taught in assenting to Urdu, English, maths and Islamiyat.An good Islamic study has been introduced as an elective subject. In the science group, physics, chemistry, biological science and maths will be taught in English, whereas Islamiyat and Pakistan studies will be taught in Urdu. At the higher secondary school level, there will be five academic groups science group-I (pre- health check), science group-II (pre-engineering or computer science), humanities, commerce, medical technology and home economics. In the pre-engineering group, maths, physics, chemistry or computer science will be taught in addition to the compulsory subjects of Islamiyat, Urdu and English. In the humanities group, three out of 24 elective subjects, including advanced level Pakistan studies and Islamic studies etc , will be offered in addition to the compulsory subjects. In the commerce group, business maths and statistics, principles of accounting, computer skills or banking, principles of economics and commercial geography will be taught in addition the three compulsory subjects. In the medical technology group, labs, images, operation theatre, ophthalmology, physiotherapy and alveolar hygiene technologies will be taught in addition to the compulsory subjects. In the home economics group, diet and house management, food and nutrition, home farming, clothing, child development, group behaviour, childcare and nursing will be taught in addition the compulsory subjects. 9. SUGGESTIONS 1) A equal education policy. 2) Ability and merit must be declared as receding stones of our national life. 3) Adequate educational facilities. 4) remotion of fake schools 23000 present in whole country. 5) Fair examination system. 6) Updated curriculum. 7) High standard of academic research. 8) Removal of corruption. 9) Training of teachers. 10) Removal of rote learning.